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THE    HUMAN    VOICE. 


WORKS  BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 


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10 


THE 


HUMAN  VOICE 


ITS  ANATOMY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  PATHOLOGY, 
THERAPEUTICS,  AND  TRAINING ; 


RULES  OF  ORDER  FOR  LYCEUMS. 


BY 

R.   T.JTRALL,   M.D., 

PRINCIPAL    AKD    FOUNDER    OF    THE    HYGEIO-THERAPEUTIC    COLLEGE  ;    PROFESSOR 
OF  INSTITUTES  OF  MEDICINE,  AND  AUTHOR  OF  NUMEROUS  WORKS. 


NEW  YORK: 
S.  E.  WELLS  &  COMPANY. 

737     BROADWAY. 

1875. 


COPYBIOHT,  1875,  BY  S.  R.  WELLS  &  Co. 


T76 


PREFACE. 


THE  object  of  this  little  work  is  to  present,  in  a  cheap 
and  convenient  form,  the  facts  and  principles  applicable 
to  the  culture  and  uses  of  the  Human  Yoice,  which  are 
only  to  be  found  scattered  through  several  large  volumes, 
and  to  furnish  Lyceums  and  Debating  Clubs  with  a  con- 
cise Code  of  Rules  and  Usages  for  the  regulation  of  their 
proceedings.  It  is  not  expected  nor  intended  to  super- 
sede the  more  elaborate  works  on  Elocution,  which  may 
be  indispensable  for  the  Orator  and  Teacher;  but  to 
furnish  all  who  desire  to  read  and  speak  well,  and  who 
must  rely  mainly  on  self -education,  with  a  plain  and  in- 
telligible guide  in  theory  and  practice. 

R.  T.  T. 

FLORENCE  HIGHTS,  N.  J.,  1875. 


24197 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I.— ANATOMY  OF  THE  VOICE. 

PAGE 

Apparatus  of  Voice — The  Thorax — Heart  and  Lungs — Ligaments  of  the 
Larynx — The  Larynx  Laterally — Muscles  of  the  Larynx — Abdominal 
Muscles — Muscles  of  the  Trunk — Muscles  of  the  Trunk  Laterally — 
Action  of  the  Diaphragm — Range  of  the  Human  Voice — Bass  and 
Tenor— Contralto  and  Soprano— Tone  of  Voice— Falsetto  Voice,  .  9 


CHAPTER  II.— PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  VOICE. 

Erectitude — Natural  Spine — Vocal  Cords — Pitch  of  the  Tones — Volume 
of  Voice— Character  of  Voice— Rationale  of  Respiration— Rationale 
of  Sobbing  and  Laughter— Rationale  of  Speech— Vowel  and  Conso- 
nant Sounds  —  Whispering  —  Sighing  —  Ventriloquism  —  Speaking 
Automata— Rationale  of  Articulate  Sounds— Distinctions  of  the  Con- 
sonant Sounds,  18 

CHAPTER  III.— PATHOLOGY  OF  THE  VOICE. 
Causes  of  Defective  Voice — Spinal  Miscurvature — Natural  and  De- 
formed Chest — Positions  in  Study — Positions  in  Standing — Sleeping 
with  the  Mouth  Open — Lisping — Stammering — Hoarseness — Aphonia 
—Nasal  Tone— Vailed  Tone— Explosive  Vocalization,  .     28 

CHAPTER  IV.— THERAPEUTICS  OF  THE  VOICE. 

Exercises  to  Improve  Respiration — Walking — Slapping  the  Abdomen        I 
—Apparatus— Military  Position— Rotating  the  Arms— Elbow  Whirl- 
Chest  Extension  Exercises — Indian  Clu^  Exercises — Back-boards  and 
Bands— Exercises  with  Weights— Directions  for  Lispers  and  Stam- 
merers,     .  .33 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  V. -TRAINING  OF  THE  VOICE. 

PAGE 

Normal  Positions — Declamation — Argument — Exhortation — Appeal — 
Controlling  the  Respiration— Full  Breathing— Audible  Breathing- 
Forcible  Breathing — Sighing  —  Gasping  —  Panting — Management  of 
the  Voice — Regulation  of  Tones — Enunciation — Deportment,  .  .  41 

CHAPTER  VI.— EXERCISES  ON  THE  ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS. 

Analysis  of  the  Elementary  Sounds — Analysis  of  the  Sounds  of  the 
Letters — Exercises  on  the  Vowel  Sounds — Exercises  on  the  Conso- 
nant Sounds — Exercises  in  Emphasis — Examples  of  Intonations — 
Examples  of  Waves  or  Circumflexes,  .......  47 

CHAPTER  VII.— SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE. 
To  Range— Glory— Cato's  Soliloquy— Our  Honored  Dead— Darkness- 
Curtain  Lecture— Immortality— Advantages  of  Adversity— Morning 
—The  Dilemma— Deity— The  Death  of  Hamilton— The  Stars— Public 
Virtue— Criticism— The  Revolutionary  Alarm— Sheridan's  Ride— The 
Raven— The  Bells— Christmas— The  Tomahawk  submissive  to  Elo- 
quence,    .56 


THE  HUMAN  VOICE, 


CHAPTER    I. 

ANATOMY      OF     THE     VOICE. 

THE  special  apparatus  of  the  voice  is  the  larynx,  an 
arrangement  of  ligaments  and  muscles  at  the  upper  part 
of  the  windpipe  (trachea).  The  quality  of  voice  depends 
on  the  tension  and  approximation  of  the  vocal  cords ;  its 
depth  or  fullness  depends  on  the  capacity  of  the  chest, 
and  its  power  on  the  associated  action  of  all  the  respira- 
tory muscles.  A  brief  exposition,  therefore,  of  the  struc- 
ture of  the  vocal  and  respiratory  apparatus  seems  to  be 
necessary  as  a  basis  for  the  intelligent  training  and  proper 
exercise  of  the  organs  of  music  and  speech. 

The  foundation  for  a  normal  voice  as  well  as  for  bodily 
and  mental  vigor,  and,  indeed,  for  good  health,  is  a  well- 
developed  thorax,  or  framework  of  the  chest. 

This  is  constituted  of  the  sternum,  or  breast-bone,  in 
front,  and  the  twelve  pairs  of  ribs  on  the  sides.  The 
ribs  are  articulated  behind  with  the  twelve  dorsal  verte- 
brae of  the  spinal  column.  The  trachea  commences 
opposite  the  fifth  cerrical  vertebrae,  and  extends  to  the 
third  dorsal,  where  it  divides  into  the  right  and  left 
bronchi,  which  pass  to  the  right  and  left  lung,  and 
are  subdivided  and  ramified  throughout  the  substance 
of  the  lungs.  The  trachea  and  bronchial  tubes  are  every- 

(9) 


10 


ANATOMY   OF  THE   VOICE. 


where  lined  with  a  mucous  membrane,  as  is  the  mouth 
and  larynx.     Two-thirds  of  the  anterior  cylinder  of  the 


Fig.  1. 


THE  THORAX. 

An  anterior  view  of  the  thorax  is  represented  in  Fig.  1.  1.  The  manubrinm. 
2.  Body.  3.  Ensiform  cartilage.  4.  First  dorsal  vertebra.  5.  Last  dorsal  vertebra. 
6.  First  rib.  7.  Head  of  first  rib.  8.  Its  neck.  9.  Its  tubercle.  10.  Seventh  rib. 
11.  Costal  cartilages  of  the  ribs.  12.  Last  two  false  ribs.  13.  The  groove  along 
the  lower  border  of  each  rib. 

trachea  are  composed  of  fifteen  to  twenty  cartilaginous 
rings,  which  are  conducive  to  the  vibrations  of  air  in 
making  trilling  sounds. 

The  thyroid  gland  (sometimes  the  seat  of  goitre,  or 
bronchocele,)  is  situated  upon  the  trachea  above  the  ster- 
num ;  it  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  one  of  which  is  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  trachea. 

The  lungs  occupy  the  cavity  of  the  chest  on  each  side 
of  the  heart.  They  are  conical  in  shape,  tapering  above, 
where  they  extend  beyond  the  level  of  the  first  rib,  and 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  VOICE.  11 

broad  and  concave  below,  wliere  they  rest  on  the  convex 
surface  of  the  diaphragm.     The  root  or  upper  portion  of 

Fig.  2. 


HEART  AND  LUNGS. 

Fig.  2  represents  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  anatomy  of  the  heart  and  lungs. 
1.  Right  ventricle  ;  the  vessels  to  the  left  of  the  number  are  the  middle  coronary 
artery  and  veins.  2.  Left  ventricle.  3.  Right  auricle.  4.  Left  auricle.  5.  Pul- 
monary artery.  6.  Right  pulmonary  artery.  7.  Left  pulmonary  artery.  8.  Re- 
mains of  the  ductus  arteriosus.  9.  Aortic  arch.  10.  Superior  cava.  11.  Arteria 
innominata;  in  front  of  it  is  the  right  vena  innominata.  12,  Right  subclavian 
vein  ;  behind  it  is  its  corresponding  artery.  13.  Right  common  carotid  artery  and 
vein.  14.  Left  vena  innominata.  15.  Left  carotid  artery  and  vein.  16.  Left  sub- 
clavian artery  and  vein  17.  Trachea.  18.  Right  bronchus.  19.  Left  bronchus. 
20,  20.  Pnlmonary  veins;  18,  20,  from  the  root  of  the  right  lung;  and  7, 19,  20,  the 
root  of  the  left.  21.  Upper  lobe  of  the  right  lung.  22.  Its  middle  lobe.  23.  Its 
inferior  lobe.  24  Superior  lobe  of  left  lung.  25.  Its  lower  lobe. 

each  lung,  which  retains  the  organ  in  position,  comprises 
the  pulmonary  artery  and  veins,  the  bronchial  tubes, 
ths  bronchial  vessels,  and  the  pulmonary  plexuses  of 
nerves. 


12 


ANATOMY   OP   THE   VOICE. 


The  minute  anatomy  of  the  larynx  is  shown  in  figs. 
3  and  4. 

Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3  is  a  vertical  section  of  the  larynx,  showing 
its  ligaments.  1.  Body  of  the  os  hyoides.  2.  Its 
great  cornu.  8.  Its  lesser  cornu.  4.  The  ala  of  the 
thyroid.  5.  The  superior  cornu.  6.  Its  inferior 
cornu.  7.  Promum  Adami.  8,  8.  Thyro-hyoidean 
membrane;  the  opening  near  the  posterior  nume- 
ral transmits  the  superior  laryngeal  nerve  and 
artery.  9.  Thyro-hyoidean  ligament,  a.  Epiglottis. 
6.  Hypo-epiglottic  ligament,  c.  Thyro-epiglottic. 
d.  Arytenoid  cartilage,  e.  Outer  angle  of  its  base. 
/.  Corniculum  laryngis.  g.  Cuneiform  cartilage. 
h.  Superior  thyro-arytenoid  ligament,  i.  Chorda 
vocalis,  or  inferior  thyro-arytenoid  ;  the  elliptical 
space  between  the  two  thyro-arytenoid  ;  is  the 
laryngeal  ventricle,  k.  Cricoid  cartilage.  I.  Late- 
ral portion  of  the  crico-thyroidean  membrane,  m. 
Its  central  portion,  n.  Upper  ring  of  the  trachea, 
which  is  received  within  the  ring  of  the  cricoid 
cartilage,  o.  Section  of  the  isthmus  of  the  thyroid 
gland.  p,p.  The  levator  of  the  glandulse  thyroi- 
dese. 


LIGAMENTS  OP  THE  LABTTNX. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4  is  a  side  view  of  the  larynx,  one  ala  of  the  thyroid 
cartilage  being  removed.  1.  Remaining  ala.  2.  One  of 
the  arytenoid  cartilages.  3.  One  of  the  cornicula  laryngis. 
4.  Cricoid  cartilage.  5.  Posterior  crico-arytenoid  muscle. 
6.  Crico-arytenoideus  lateralis.  7.  Thyro-arytenoideus.  8. 
Crico-thyroidean  membrane.  9.  One  half  of  the  epiglot- 
tis. 10.  Upper  part  of  the  trachea. 

The  following  description  of  the  laryn- 
geal structures  is  copied  from  the  "  Hy- 
dropathic Encylopaedia  : 

"  The  cartilages  are  :  1.  Thyroid 
(shield-like),  which  consists  of  two  lateral  portions  (alee) 
meeting  at  an  angle  in  front,  and  forming  the  projecting 
part  of  the  throat,  called  pomum  Adami  (Adam's  apple). 
Each  ala  forms  a  rounded  border  posteriorly,  which  ter- 


ANATOMY   OF   THE   VOICE.  13 

minates  above  in  a  superior  cornu^  and  below  in  an  infe- 
rior cornu.  2.  Cricoid  (like  a  ring),  a  circular  ring,  nar- 
row in  front  and  broad  behind,  where  it  has  two  rounded 
surfaces,  which  articulate  with  the  arytenoid  cartilages. 
The  oesophagus  is  attached  to  a  vertical  ridge  on  its  pos- 
terior surface.  3.  Two  arytenoid  (pitcher-like) ;  trian- 
gular in  form,  and  broad  and  thick  below,  where  they 
articulate  with  the  upper  border  of  the  cricoid ;  above 
they  are  pointed  and  prolonged  by  two  small  pyriform 
cartilages,  called  cornicula  laryngis^  which  form  part  of 
the  lateral  wall  of  the  larynx,  and  afford  attachment  to 
the  chorda  vocal  is  and  several  of  the  articulating  muscles. 
4.  Two  cuneiform  ;  small  cylinders,  about  seven  Hues  in 
length,  and  enlarged  at  each  extremity  ;  they  are  attached 
by  the  lower  end  to  the  arytenoid,  and  their  upper  extrem- 
ity forms  a  prominence  on  the  border  of  the  aryteno- 
epiglottidean  fold  of  membrane ;  they  are  occasionally 
wanting.  5.  Epiglottis ;  shaped  like  a  cordate  leaf,  and 
situated  immediately  in  front  of  the  opening  of  the 
larynx,  which  it  closes  when  the  larynx  is  drawn  up  be- 
neath the  base  of  the  tongue,  as  in  the  act  of  swallowing. 
The  laryngeal  cartilages  ossify  more  or  less  in  old  age, 
particularly  in  the  male. 

"  The  ligaments  are  :  1.  Three  thyro-hyoidean,  which 
connect  the  thyroid  cartilage  with  the  os  hyoides.  2.  Two 
capsular  crico-thyroid,  which  articulate  the  thyroid  with 
the  cricoid,  and  with  their  synovial  membranes  from  the 
articulation  between  the  inferior  cornu  and  sides  of  the 
cricoid.  3.  The  crico-tkyroidean  membrane,  a  fan-shaped 
layer  of  elastic  tissue,  attached  by  its  apex  to  the  lower 
border  of  the  thyroid,  and  by  its  expanded  margin  to 
the  upper  border  of  the  cricoid  and  base  of  the  aryte- 
noid ;  above  it  is  continuous  with  the  lower  margin  of  the 


14:  ANATOMY   OF   THE   VOICE. 

chorda  vocalis.  4.  Two  capsular  crico-arytenoid,  which 
connect  those  cartilages.  5.  Two  superior  thyro-arytenoid, 
thin  bands  between  the  receding  angle  of  the  thyroid  and 
the  anterior  inner  border  of  each  arytenoid ;  the  lower  bor- 
der constituting  the  upper  boundary  of  the  ventricle  of 
the  larynx.  6.  Two  inferior  thyro-arytenoid,  the  chordae 
vocales,  which  are  thicker  than  the  superior,  and,  like  them, 
composed  of  elastic  tissue.  Each  ligament,  or  vocal  chord, 
is  attached  in  front  to  the  receding  angle  of  the  thyroid, 
and  behind  to  the  anterior  angle  of  the  base  of  the  aryte- 
noid.  The  inferior  border  of  the  chorda  vocalis  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  lateral  expansion  of  the  crico-thyroid 
ligament.  The  superior  border  forms  tKe  lower  boun- 
dary of  the  ventricle  of  the  larynx.  The  space  between 
the  two  chordae  vocales  is  the  glottis  or  rima  glottidis.  7. 
Three  glosso-epiglottic,  folds  of  mucous  membrane  con- 
necting the  anterior  surface  of  the  epiglottis  with  the 
root  of  the  tongue.  8.  The  hyo-epiglottic,  an  elastic 
band  connecting  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  epiglottis  with 
the  hyoid  bone.  9.  The  thryo-epiglottic,  a  slender  elastic 
slip  embracing  the  apev:  of  the  epiglottis,  and  inserted 
into  the  thyroid  above  the  chordae  vocalses. 

"  The  muscles  are  eight  in  number :  five  larger  ones  of 
the  chordae  vocales  and  glottis,  and  three  smaller  of  the 
epiglottis.  The  origin,  insertion,  and  use  of  each  is  ex- 
pressed by  its  name.  They  are  the  cri co-thyroid,  poste- 
rior and  lateral  crico-arytenoid,  thy ro-ary tenoid ,  aryte- 
noid  thyro-epiglottic,  and  superior  and  inferior  aryteno- 
epiglottic.  The  posterior  crico-arytenoid  opens  the  glot 
tis ;  the  arytenoid  approximates  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
posteriorly,  and  the  crico-arytenoideus  lateralis  and  thyro- 
arytenoidei  anteriorly ;  the  latter  also  close  the  glottis  me- 
sially.  The  crico-thyroidei  are  tensors  of  the  vocal  chords, 


ANATOMY   OF   THE   VOICE.  15 

and  with  the  thyro-arytenoidei,  regulate  their  position 
and  vibrating  length.  The  remaining  muscles  assist  in 
regulating  the  tension  of  the  vocal  chords  by  varying  the 
position  of  their  cartilages. 

"  The  aperture  of  the  larynx  is  a  triangular  opening, 
broad  in  front  and  narrow  behind  ;  bounded  in  front  by 
the  epiglottis,  behind  by  the  arytenoid  muscle,  and  on  the 
sides  by  the  folds  of  the  mucous  membrane.  The  cavity 
is  divided  into  two  parts  by  an  oblong  constriction  pro- 
duced by  the  prominence  of  the  vocal  chords ;  the  part 
above  the  constriction  is  broad  above  and  narrow  below, 
and  the  part  beneath  is  narrow  above  and  broad  below, 
while  the  space  included  by  the  constriction  is  a  narrow, 
triangular  fissure,  the  glottis,  bounded  on  the  sides  by  the 
chordse  vocales  and  inner  surface  of  the  arytenoid  carti- 
lages, and  behind  by  the  arytenoid  muscle ;  it  is  nearly  an 
inch  in  length,  somewhat  longer  in  the  male  than  female. 
Immediately  above  the  prominence  caused  by  the  chorda 
vocalis,  and  extending  nearly  its  length  on  each  side  of 
the  cavity  of  the  larynx  is  the  ventricle  of  the  larynx,  an 
elliptical  fossa  which  serves  to  isolate  the  chord. 

"  The  mucous  membrane  lines  the  entire  cavity  of  the 
larynx,  its  prominences  and  depressions,  and  is  continuous 
with  that  of  the  mouth  and  pharynx,  which  is  prolonged 
through  the  trachea  and  bronchial  tubes  into  the  lungs. 
In  the  ventricles  of  the  larynx  the  membrane  forms  a 
csecal  pouch,  called  sacculus  laryngis,  on  the  surface  of 
which  are  the  openings  of  numerous  follicular  glands, 
whose  secretion  lubricates  the  vocal  chords." 

The  abdominal  muscles  are  important  parts  of  the  res- 
piratory machinery ;  comparing  the  lungs  to  a  bellows, 
these  muscles  constitute  the  handles,  and  unless  they  are 
well  developed  and  in  vigorous  condition,  the  voice  be 


16 


ANATOMY   OF   THE   VOICE. 


correspondingly  feeble  and  imperfect.  The  relation  of 
these  muscles  to  the  thorax  directly,  and  to  the  lungs  and 
vocal  apparatus  indirectly,  is  shown  in  figs.  5  and  6. 


Fig.  5. 


MUSCLES   OP   THE   TRUNK. 

In  Fig.  5  are  seen  the  muscles  of  the  trunk  anteriority.  The  superficial  layer 
is  seen  on  the  left  side,  and  the  deeper  on  the  right.  1,  Pectoralis  major.  2.  Del- 
toid. 3.  Anterior  border  of  the  latissimus  dorsi.  4.  Serrations  of  the  serratus 
magnus.  5.  Subclavius  of  the  right  side.  6.  Pecioralis  minor.  7.  Coracho-bra- 
chialis.  8.  Upper  part  of  the  biceps,  showing  its  two  heads.  9.  Coracoid  process 
of  the  scapula.  10.  Serratus  magnus  of  the  right  side.  11.  External  intercostal. 
12.  External  oblique.  13.  Its  aponeuroeis ;  the  median  line  to  the  right  of  this 
number  is  the  linea  alba;  the  flexnous  line  to  the  left  is  the  linea  gemilunaris  ;  the 
transverse  lines  above  and  below  the  number  are  the  lineae  transversse.  14.  Pou- 
parfs  ligament.  15.  External  abdominal  ring ;  the  margin  above  is  called  the 


ANATOMY   OF   THE   VOICE. 


IT 


superior  or  internal  pillar;  the  margin  below  the  inferior  or  external  pillar;  the 
carved  intercolumnar  fibres  are  seen  proceeding  upward  from  Poupart's  ligament 
to  strengthen  the  ring.  The  numbers  14  and  15  are  situated  upon  the  fascia  lata  of 
the  thigh;  the  opening  to  the  right  of  15  is  called  saphenous.  16.  Rectus  of  the  right 
side.  17.  Pyramidalis.  18.  Internal  oblique.  19.  The  common  tendon  of  the 
internal  oblique  and  transversalis  descending  behind  Poupart's  ligament  to  the 
pectineal  line.  20.  The  arch  formed  between  the  lower  curved  border  of  the  inter- 
nal oblique  and  Poupart's  ligament  beneath  which  the  spermatic  cord  passes,  and 
hernia  occurs. 


Fig 


Fig.  6  is  a  side  view  of  the  muscles  of  the 
trunk.  1.  Costal  region  of  the  latiseimus 
dorsi.  2.  Serratus  magnus.  3.  Upper  part 
of  external  oblique.  4.  Two  external  inter- 
costals.  5.  Two  internal  intercostals.  6. 
Transversalis.  7.  Its  posterior  aponeurosis. 
8.  Its  anterior.  9.  Lower  part  of  the  left 
rectus.  10.  Eight  rectus.  11.  The  arched 
opening  where  the  spermatic  cord  passes 
and  hernia  takes  place.  12.  The  gluteus 
maximus,  and  medius,  and  tensor  vaginae 
femoris  muscles  invested  by  fascia  lata. 


The  oblique  muscles  flex  the 
thorax  on  the  pelvis ;  either 
acting  singly,  twists  the  body 
to  one  side.  Either  transver- 
salis muscle  by  contracting  di- 
minishes the  size  of  the  abdo- 
men, and  both  acting  together 
constrict  its  general  cavity. 
The  recti  muscles,  and  the 
pyramidalis  pull  the  thorax 

forward  when  acting  together.  MUSCLES  OF  THE  TRUNK  LATERALLY. 

All  of  the  abdominal  muscles  are  auxiliary  to  respiration, 
and  as  they  constitute  the  chief  forces  in  expelling  the  air 
from  the  lungs,  their  relation  to  voice  is  obvious.  As 
respiratory  muscles  they  are  aided  by  the  muscles  of  the 
loins  and  back;  the  united  action  of  all  these  muscles 
compresses  the  abdomen  in  all  directions,  as  may  be  no- 
ticed in  prolonged  coughing  or  severe  vomiting. 


CHAPTER   II. 

PHYSIOLOGY     OF     THE     VOICE. 

PHYSICAL  uprightness  is  as  im- 
portant for  a  public  speaker  as 
moral  rectitude  is  for  a  private 
citizen.  Other  things  being  equal, 
every  person  will  have  a  power  to 
please  and  persuade,  influence  and 
direct  the  minds  of  others,  through 
the  media  of  speech  and  music, 
measurable  generally  by  the  in- 
tegrity of  the  whole  bodily  organi- 
zation, and  especially  by  the  erec- 
titude  of  the  spinal  column  (Fig. 
Y),  without  which  the  extensive 
and  complicated  machinery  of  res- 
piration and  vocalization  cannot 
act  harmoniously. 

The  vocal  apparatus  has  been 
compared  to  a  stringed,  tubular, 
and  reeded  instrument,  as  the 
violin,  flute,  and  clarionet ;  it  has 
many  properties  in  common  with  each,  and,  indeed,  with 
all  musical  instruments ;  yet  it  differs  in  many  respects 
from  either.  No  mechanical  contrivance  can  rival  the 
variety  and  delicacy  of  action  of  the  living  structure, 
(18) 


PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  VOICE. 


19 


hence  the  human  voice  must  ever  be  incomparably 
superior,  as  a  musical  instrument,  to  all  human  inventions. 
A  good  reader,  a  good  speaker,  or  a  good  singer  never 
fails  to  attract  the  multitudes. 

The  lower  vocal  cords  are  chiefly  instrumental  in  the 
production  of  sound.  If  the  upper  cords  are  removed, 
voice  continues,  but  is  rendered  feeble ;  if  the  lower  cords 
are  destroyed,  voice  is  entirely  lost. 

The  tones  of  voice  depend  on  the  varying  tension  of 
the  vocal  cords.  In  producing  tones,  the  ligaments  of 
opposite  sides  are  brought  into  approaching  parallelism 
with  each  other,  by  the  approximation  of  the  points  of 
the  arytenoid  cartilages  ;  in  the  intervals  they  are  again 
separated,  and  the  opening  between  them,  termed  rima 
glottidis,  assumes  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  as  represented 
in  Fig.  8. 

Fig.  8  exhibits  the  vocal  ligaments  as 
seen  superiorly.  G,  B,  H.  Thyroid  car- 
tilage.  N,  F.  Arytenoid  cartilages.  S, 
V,  S,  V.  Vocal  cords  or  ligaments.  N, 
X.  Crico-arytenoideus  lateralis.  V,  k, 
f.  Right  thyro-arytenoideus.  N,  1,  IT,  1. 
Crico-arytenoidei  postici.  B,  B.  Crico- 
arytenoid  ligament. 

The  muscles  which  stretch 
or  relax  the  vocal  ligaments, 
are  alone  directly  concerned 
in  the  voice;  the  muscles 
which  open  and  close  the 
glottis,  regulate  the  amount 
of  the  air  inspired  and  ex- 
pired. 

The  pitch  of  the  tones  is  regulated  by  the  tension  of 
the  vocal  cords ;  its  volume  or  intensity  depends  on  the 
capacity  of  the  lungs,  length  of  the  trachea,  flexibility  of 


LARYNX  FROM  ABOVE. 


20  PHYSIOLOGY   OP   THE   VOICE. 

the  vocal  cords,  and  the  force  with  which  the  air  is  ex- 
pelled from  the  lungs.  The  character  of  the  voice  is 
dependent  on  the  confirmation  of  the  pharynx,  mouth,  and 
nasal  cavities.  In  the  male  the  larynx  is  more  prominent 
and  the  vocal  cords  are  longer  than  in  the  female,  in  the 
proportion  of  three  to  two,  which  renders  the  voice  in 
most  cases  an  octave  lower. 

The  free  play  of  the  diaphragm  is  an  important  factor 
in  the  volume  of  voice.  To  understand  this  matter  fully 
it  must  be  recollected  that  the  movements  of  the  respira 
tory  apparatus  are  partly  voluntary,  for  the  purposes  of 
being  subservient  to  voice  and  speech,  and  partly  invol- 
untary, for  the  purposes  of  aerating  the  blood.  r  The  lungs 
themselves  are  entirely  passive  in  respiration.  When  the 
walls  of  the  chest  are  drawn  asunder,  and  the  thorax 
dilated  by  the  action  of  the  respiratory  muscles,  the  at- 
mospheric air  rushes  into  the  air-cells,  distending  them 
in  proportion  to  the  dilatation  of  the  thorax,  and  keeping 
the  surface  of  the  lungs  accurately  in  contact  with  the 
walls  of  the  chest  in  all  their  movements.  But  if  air  be 
admitted  into  the  cavity  of  the  pleura,  outside  of  the 
lungs,  as  by  a  penetrating  wound,  the  lungs  cannot  be 
fully  distended  by  inspiration,  but  will  remain  partially 
collapsed,  although  the  thorax  expands,  for  the  reason 
that  the  pressure  from  without  balances  that  within  the 
air-cells.  Fig.  9  illustrates  the  action  of  the  diaphragm 
in  respiration. 

The  diaphragm,  by  extending  the  ribs  and  pressing 
down  the  abdominal  viscera,  is  the  principal  agent  in  in- 
spiration. In  a  deep  inspiration,  the  little  muscles  be- 
tween the  ribs  (intercostals)  assist  in  the  expansion  of 
the  chest  by  spreading  the  ribs,  aided  also  to  some  ex- 
tent by  the  muscles  of  the  thorax  generally.  Expiration, 


PHYSIOLOGY   OF   THE   VOICE. 


21 


Fig  9. 


as  already  stated,  is  mainly  accomplished  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  abdominal  mus- 
cles, which,  by  drawing  down 
the  ribs  and  compressing  the 
viscera  up  against  the  relaxed 
diaphragm,  diminish  the  cavity 
of  the  thorax  from  above. 

Says  Marshall  (Outlines  of 
Physiology)'.  "The  human  vocal 
apparatus  is  analogous  to  a  wind 
instrument  with  a  double  mem- 
branous tongue,  the  bronchi  and 
trachea  representing  the  wind- 
tube,  the  vocal  cords  the  double 

Fig.  9  i  s  a  side  view  of  the  chest  and  abdo- 
men in  respiration.  1.  Cavity. of  the  chest. 
2.  Cavity  of  the  abdomen.  3.  Line  of  direc- 
tion for  the  diaphragm  when  relaxed  in  ex- 
piration. 4.  Line  of  direction  when  con- 
tracted in  inspiration.  5,  6.  Position  of  the 
front  walls  of  the  chest  and  abdomen  in  in- 
spiration. 7,  8.  Their  position  in  expiration. 

membranous  tongue,  and  the  parts  above  the  glottis  the 
attached  tube.  For  the  production  of  vocal  sounds,  even 
the  feeblest,  more  air  must  pass  through  the  glottis  than 
in  respiration ;  and  this  current  of  air  must  undergo 
penidic  interruptions  in  its  passage  through  that  fissure. 
The  vocal  cords,  moreover,  are  made  more  or  less  tense, 
and  are  approximated  so  as  to  be  parallel  to  each  other, 
and  the  fissure  of  the  glottis  is  converted  into  a  fine  chink- 
like  opening.  The  escape  of  the  air  propelled  upward 
through  the  trachea  being  thus  retarded,  the  margins  of 
the  vocal  cords  are  forced  upward,  and  slightly  separated 
from  each  other  ;  the  elasticity  of  the  cords  is  now  called 
into  play,  so  that  they  counteract  the  force  of  the  impulse 


ACTION  OP  THE  DIAPHKAGSI. 


22  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  VOICE. 

communicated  to  them,  and,  by  a  downward  recoiling 
movement,  again  narrow  the  glottis.  In  this  manner,  the 
oscillations  into  which  the  vocal  cords  are  thrown  by  the 
escape  of  the  air  driven  from  the  trachea,  or  wind-tube, 
are  communicated  to  the  less  tense  air  above  the  glottis, 
and  throw  this  into  vibrations.  By  means  of  the  laryn- 
geal  ventricles,  or  sacs,  placed  above  the  vocal  cords,  these 
latter  are  kept  free,  so  that  their  vibrations  are  easily 
accomplished.  It  has  also  been  supposed  by  some,  that 
the  superior  vocal  cords  maintain  the  strength  and  qual- 
ity of  the  sounds,  by  entering  into  simultaneous  and 
synchronous  vibrations.  This  is  contrary  to  Senor  Garcia's 
observations  with  the  laryngoscope ;  but  he  found  that, 
in  elevation  of  the  pitch  of  the  voice,  whether  natural 
or  falsetto,  the  superior  vocal  cords  approached  each  other, 
so  as  to  narrow  the  part  of  the  vocal  tube  above  the  glottis." 
The  ordinary  range  of  the  human  voice,  from  the  low- 
est male  to  the  highest  female  voice,  is  nearly  4  octaves. 
The  lowest  note,  E  (Fig.  10),  is 
caused  by  80  vibrations  per  second, 
and  the  highest  note,  C  (Fig.  11), 
by  1,024  vibrations  per  second.  But 
in  exceptional  cases,  the  range  may 
be  nearly  5 £  octaves,  the  lowest  note, 
Flg-1L  a  F  (Fig.  12),  being  caused  by  42,  and 

the  highest  note,  A  (Fig.   13),  by 
1,708  vibrations. 

In  ordinary  speech,  the  range  of 


Fig.  12.  F.        -  voice  is  usually  about  half  an  octave ; 
but  in  singing,  the  compass  of  the 
_  voice  in  the  same  individual  generally 
^  extends  over  2  octaves.  In  rare  cases 
"  it  has  extended  over  3£  octaves.     It 


Pig.  13.    A. 


PHYSIOLOGY   OF   THE  VOICE.  23 

lias  been  calculated  that  no  less  than  240  different  states  of 
tension  of  the  vocal  cords  are  producible  at  will,  each 
degree  of  tension  modifying  the  sound  of  the  note  in  sing- 
ing, or  of  the  tone  in  speaking,  and  all  this  in  a  voice  of 
ordinary  range.  Celebrated  singers  can  produce  a  still 
greater  number  of  intermediate  tones.  "  Madame  Mara," 
says  Marshall,  "could  effect  as  many  as  2,000  changes." 

The  bass  and  tenor  varieties  of  voice  are  characteristic  of 
the  male,  and  the  contralto  and  the  soprano,  otherwise 
known  as  second  treble  and  first  treble,  of  the  female  sex. 
The  subdivision  of  voice  called  baritone,  is  intermediate 
between  the  tenor  and  bass,  and  the  mezzo-soprano  is  in- 
termediate between  the  soprano  and  contralto.  The 
lowest  note  of  the  contralto  is  about  an  octave  higher  than 
the  lowest  note  of  the  bass  voice ;  and  the  highest  soprano 
about  an  octave  higher  than  the  highest  tenor. 

The  personal  quality  or  peculiar  tone  of  voice  is  due  to 
the  general  confirmation  of  the  air-passages ;  but  in  both 
sexes,  more  especially  in  the  male,  two  series  of  notes  can 
be  produced,  which  have  been  distinguished  into  the  true 
or  chest  notes,  and  the  falsetto  or  head  notes.  The  chest 
notes  are  called  those  of  the  natural  voice,  and  are  fuller, 
stronger,  and  more  resonant,  and  are  the  lower  notes  of 
the  voice ;  the  falsetto  notes  are  softer,  less  clear,  and 
have  a  humming  sound  resembling  the  harmonic  notes  of 
strings.  The  middle  notes  of  the  scale  can  be  produced 
by  either  the  chest  or  the  head  voice.  Some  persons  can 
speak  or  sing  with  either  voice  so  well  marked  as  to  seem 
to  be  endowed  with  two  distinct  voices.  Various  theories 
have  been  advanced  to  account  for  the  falsetto  voice  ;  but 
the  observations  of  Garcia  seem  to  prove  that,  during  tho 
production  of  the  falsetto  notes,  the  glottis  is  more 
elongated  and  widened,  and  that  only  the  edges  of  the 


24  PHYSIOLOGY   OF   THE    VOICE. 

vocal  cords  are  approximated,  thus  offering  little  resistance 
to  the  air,  whilst,  in  the  natural  or  chest  voice,  a  certain 
depth  of  the  surface  of  each  cord  is  made  to  approach  the 
other,  and  to  undergo  vibrations. 

In  certain  strong  mental  emotions,  the  muscles  of  the 
voice  act  spasmodically,  as  in  sobbing  and  laughter,  and 
sometimes  closing  the  glottis  entirely  for  a  longer  or 
shorter  time,  as  in  some  convulsive  diseases. 

Speech  is  the  utterance  of  articulate  sounds.  The  voice 
or  vowel  sounds  are  made  with  a  nearly  fixed  position  of 
the  vocal  organs ;  but  as  those  sounds  are  modified  by  the 
action  of  the  tongue,  lips,  etc.,  they  are  called  articulate 
or  consonant  sounds.  The  vowel  sounds  are  specially  ex- 
pressive of  the  feelings,  while  the  consonant*  sounds  are 
specially  related  to  thought.  This  is  why  the  language 
of  music  is  so  largely  constituted  of  vowel  sounds,  the 
difference  between  music  and  speech  consisting  simply  in 
the  prolongation  of  the  vowel  sounds.  As  the  language 
of  all  animals  expresses  much  more  of  the  affectional  than 
of  the  intellectual  mind,  they  have  correspondingly  little 
occasion  for  consonant  sounds. 

As  vocalization  depends  on  laryngeal  vibrations,  in 
whispering,  vowels  are  articulated  simply  by  the  action  of 
the  mouth  and  fauces,  all  sound  being  produced  above 
the  larynx.  Sighing  is  another  example  of  sound  pro- 
duced above  the  larynx ;  if  the  vocal  cords  are  called  into 
vibratory  action,  the  sigh  becomes  a  groan.  Most  of  the 
letters  of  the  alphabet  can  be  articulated  with  very  little 
laryngeal  action  during  inspiration. 

Many  sounds,  as  of  smacking,  clicking,  kissing,  and 
whistling,  are  generated  in  the  mouth,  and  produced  in- 
dependently of  laryngeal  action. 

Ventriloquism  consists  essentially  in  the  imitation  of 


PHYSIOLOGY  OP  THE  VOICE.  25 

peculiar  sounds.  Its  rationale  is  not  well  understood  by 
physiologists.  Magendie  supposed  it  to  be  produced  in 
the  larynx.  Some  have  thought  it  was  produced  simply 
by  articulating  while  drawing  in  the  breath.  According 
to  Muller,  the  sounds  peculiar  to  ventriloquism  may  be 
made,  after  taking  a  deep  inspiration,  so  as  to  occasion 
the  protrusion  of  the  abdominal  viscera  by  the  descent  of 
the  diaphragm,  and  maintaining  the  diaphragm  in  its  de- 
pressed or  contracted  condition,  by  speaking  during  a 
very  slow  expiration,  performed  only  by  the  lateral  parie- 
ties  of  the  chest,  through  a  very  narrow  glottis. 

Speaking  automata  have  only  succeeded  in  imitating 
the  separate  sounds  of  the  voice ;  they  can  never  combine 
them  successfully  so  as  to  imitate  the  language  of  the 
vital  organism. 

The  following  lucid  explanation  of  the  various  vowal 
and  consonant  sounds  is  copied  from  "  Marshall's  Physi- 
ology:" 

"Articulate  sounds  are  divided  into  vowels  and  con- 
sonants. The  true  vowels,  or  open  sounds,  as  they  are 
called,  are  generated  in  the  larynx.  They  are  merely  un- 
interrupted vocal  tones,  variously  modified  in  their  out- 
ward passage,  by  alterations  in  the  shape  of  the  parts  of 
the  oral  cavity  through  which  they  pass ;  thus,  in  utter- 
ing the  pure  vowel  sounds,  a,  a,  e,  o,  u,  pronounced  re- 
spectively as  in  the  words  far,  fate,  ell,  old,  and  in  French 
words  containing  the  u,  one  and  the  same  sound  produced 
by  the  vibrations  of  the  vocal  cords  is  converted  into  five 
different  sounds,  by  changes  in  the  position  of  the  tongue, 
and  by  the  gradual  prolongation  of  the  cavity  of  the 
mouth,  by  means  of  the  lips ;  the  most  natural  of  these 
vowel  sounds,  or  the  one  most  easily  uttered,  is  the  broad 
a.  In  the  same  manner  the  diphthong  sound,  i,  ei,  eu, 
2 


26  PHYSIOLOGY   OF   THE   VOICE. 

and  the  sounds  of  y  and  w,  at  the  beginning  of  words 
are  vocal  tones,  modified  by  further  changes  in  the  shape 
and  form  of  the  mouth. 

"  Consonants,  or  shut  sounds,  are  entirely  formed  in 
the  parts  above  the  larynx,  and  are  so  named,  because 
most,  if  not  all  of  them,  can  only  be  sounded  consonantly, 
that  is,  with  another  sound  or  vowel.  They  require,  for 
their  production,  a  shutting  or  valve-like  action  to  take 
place,  either  between  the  lips,  as  in  pronouncing  the  let- 
ters 1),  p,  and  m  /  or  between  the  upper  teeth  and  lower 
lip,  as  in  the  case  of  f  and  v  ;  or  between  the  tongue  and 
the  palate,  as  d,  g  hard,  c  hard,  &,  q,  t,  r,  I,  and  n,  or  be- 
tween the  tongue  and  the  teeth,  as  in  the  production  of 
hissing  sounds,  such  as  e  soft,  or  s  and  z.  *  The  com- 
pound articulate  sounds,  as/,  or  g  soft,  cJi  soft,  ch  guttu- 
ral, ph,  sh,  th,  ng  and  x,  are  produced  by  modifications,  or 
combinations  of  some  of  the  other  pure  consonant  sounds. 
The  aspirate  h  is  produced  by  an  increased  expiratory 
effort,  made  with  the  mouth  open,  before  a  vowel  or 
other  sound. 

"  Those  consonants  which  are  produced  by,  or  con- 
nected with,  a  sudden  stoppage  of  the  breath  at  a  certain 
point,  the  opening  leading  from  the  pharynx  to  the  nose 
being  quite  closed,  and  all  the  respired  air  passing  through 
the  mouth,  are  called  explosive  consonants.  They  are 
of  two  kinds :  the  'simple  explosive  consonants,  5,  d,  and  g 
hard ;  and  the  aspirate  explosives,  p,  t,  ~k  ;  these,  when  ut- 
tered, are  unaccompanied  by  a  vocal  sound,  that  is,  they  are 
attended  with  an  intonation  of  the  voice.  Those  conso- 
nants which  can  be  produced  without  a  complete  stop- 
page of  the  breath  previous  to  their  utterance,  are  called 
continuous  y  some  of  these  sounds  are  developed  by  the 
passage  of  the  air,  with  a  degree  of  friction  through  the 


PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  VOICE.  27 

month ;  in  this  way  the  consonants  v,f,  s,  and  z,  are  pro- 
duced by  expiration  through  the  nose  only,  as  ng,  m,  and 
n.  In  uttering  the  letters  I  and  /*,  the  air  escapes  through 
the  nose  and  mouth ;  in  pronouncing  the  first  of  these, 
the  air  escapes  at  the  sides  of  the  tongue ;  in  pronounc- 
ing the  sound,  the  tongue  undergoes  a  vibrating  move- 
ment. All  the  continuous  consonants  can  be  pronounced 
with  a  vocal  sound,  except  the  aspirate  A/  and  some  of 
them  can  be  pronounced  either  with  or  without  vocal  in- 
tonation. Consonants  have  also  been  named  according 
to  the  seat  of  their  production ;  thus  p  is  called  a  labial,  t 
a  palatal,  n  a  nasal,  and  the  Gaelic  ch  a  guttural  conso- 
nant ;  but  this  classification  is  exceedingly  artificial  and 
incorrect;  for  the  greater  number  of  articulate  sounds 
are  the  result  of  the  conjoined  action  of  the  mouth,  lips, 
palate,  and  upper  part  of  the  air-passage." 


CHAPTEK  III. 


PATHOLOGY   OF   THE    VOICE. 

Fig.  14.  THE  most  common  causes  of  imper- 

fect respiration  and  defective  voice  are 
distortions  of  the  spinal  column,  and 
contracted  chests.  No  person  with 
either  deformity  can  have  a  power- 
ful voice,  whatever  may  be  its  other 
qualities.  Fig.  14,  SPINAL  MISCURVA- 
TURE,  is  a  representation  of  a  very  com- 
mon form  of  spinal  distortion,  in  which 
nearly  all  of  the  abdominal  viscera  are 
more  or  less  displaced,  and  the  respira- 
tory muscles  unbalanced  and  undevel- 
oped. By  contrasting  this  figure  with 
that  of  the  natural  spine  in  the  preced- 
ing chapter  (fig.  6),  the  disastrous  con- 
sequences of  a  crooked  spinal  column 
may  be  realized  at  a  glance. 

A  single  glance  at  the  bones  of  the 
chest  (fig.  1),  is  sufficient  to  show  the 
SPINAL  MISCTTBYATITKE.  injurious  effects  on  the  respiratory  sys- 
tem directly,  and  the  vocal  organs  indirectly  of  every 
thing  that  interferes  in  the  least  with  the  full  expansion 
of  the  lungs  in  breathing ;  and  the  relation  of  the  dia- 
phragm to  respiration  (fig.  9),  explains  the  horrid  con- 
sequences of  tight -lacing.  That  this  subject  may  be 
(28) 


PATHOLOGY   OF   THE   VOICE. 


29 


fully  comprehended,  let  us  place  the  normal  development 
of  this  vital  part  of  the  human  being  in  contrast  with  the 
abominably  abnormal  condition  so  common  in  the  society 
of  fashionable  American  women. 

Fig.  15.  Fig.  16.  Fig.  17.  Fig.  18. 


NATURAL  WAIST.  NATURAL  THOKAX.   CONTRACTED  WAIST.  FASHIONABLE  WAIST. 

A  sufficient  commentary  on  this  fashionable  folly  and 
pernicious  vice,  so  far  as  the  immediate  objects  of  this 
work  are  concerned,  is  the  4simple  statement  of  the  fact, 
that  no  female  who  deforms  her  body  with  tight-lacing 
ever  becomes  distinguished  as  a  reader,  speaker,  or  actor, 

Fig.  19.  Fig.  20. 


CORRECT   POSITION  IN  STUDY. 


MISPOSITION   IN  STUDY. 


30 


PATHOLOGY    OF   THE   VOICE. 


although  a  majority  of  them  have  attained  distinction  as 
chronic  invalids  and  the  mothers  of  feeble  offspring. 

All  crooked  bodily  positions,  by  unbalancing  the  whole 
muscular  system,  enfeeble  the  breathing  apparatus  and 
impair  the  voice.  Malpositions  and  s'pinal  distortions  are 
often  acquired  in  the  primary  schools,  because  of  the 
unanatomical  construction  of  the  miserable  benches  on 
which  the  suffering  scholars  are  educated  to  "  sit  still " 
several  hours  each  day.  Figs.  19  and  20  illustrate  this 
subject. 

The  malposition   acquired  in  the   sitting  posture  in 

Fig.  21. 


STANDING   ERECT. 


MALPOSITION   IN  STANDING. 


PATHOLOGY  OP  THE  VOICE.  31 

childhood,  is  manifested  in  the  standing  posture  in  adult 
life,  as  represented  in  fig.  22,  contrasted  with  the  perpen- 
dicular position,  fig.  21. 

Although  these  deformities,  which  are  almost  always 
acquired  in  early  life,  can  never  be  entirely  overcome, 
much  benefit  may  be  derived  from  a  persistent  course 
of  vocal  culture,  in  connection  with  a  proper  system  of 
gymnastic  exercises  ;  and  if  the  laryngeal  structures  are 
favorably  organized,  such  persons  may  become  reputable 
speakers. 

The  habit  of  sleeping  with  the  mouth  open  in  early  life, 
and  especially  in  infancy,  has  a  very  injurious  effect  on 
the  breathing  and  vocal  organs  ;  and  not  only  this,  but  it 
tends  to  distort  the  jaw-bones  and  deform  the  teeth. 
Parents  and  nurses '  should  be  very  careful  to  check  this 
habit  in  its  incipiency,  or  the  damage  may  become  irreme- 
diable. The  imperfections  of  speech  termed  Usping  and 
stammering  are  not  attributable  to  organic  defects,  but  to 
errors  of  action  of  the  vocal  apparatus.  In  lisping  the 
tongue  cleaves  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  or  is  pushed 
against  the  upper  teeth ;  stammering  is  occasioned  by  a 
spasmodic  action  of  the  glottis,  tongue,  or  lips,  which  is 
always  aggravated  by  any  mental  apprehension  or  embar- 
rassment. 

Hoarseness  of  voice  is  usually  occasioned  by  a  swelling 
or  congestion  of  the  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the 
mouth,  nose,  trachea,  or  bronchial  tubes.  When  the 
laryngeal  portion  of  the  mucous  membrane  is  extremely 
congested,  voice  is  entirely  lost,  as  happens  in  some  cases 
of  quinsy,  diphtheria,  and  croup,  and  in  the  later  stage  of 
laryngeal  consumption.  A  chronic  thickening  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  laryngeal  sacs  or  ventricles  some- 
times occasions  permanent  hoarseness,  or  complete  loss  of 


32  PATHOLOGY   OF  THE   VOICE. 

voice.  Paralysis  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  muscles  of 
articulation  may  cause  defect  or  loss  of  voice. 

A  common  cause  of  defective  voice,  and  sometimes  of 
complete  aphonia,  is  a  want  of  association  or  co-operation 
in  the  action  of  the  abdominal  muscles  and  diaphragm  in 
vocalization — a  condition  which  may  be  occasioned  by 
bodily  malpositions,  disease,  or  an  improper  use  of  the 
respiratory  and  vocal  organs. 

The  nasal  tone  of  voice  is  due  to  an  approximation  of 
the  arches  of  the  palate,  more  than  to  a  closure  of  the 
nostrils. 

The  vailed  tone  of  voice  is  occasioned  by  lowering  the 
larynx  so  that  it  is  covered  by  the  entire  pharynx,  the 
base  of  the  tongue  being  approximated  to  the  palate,  and 
the  voice  resounding  in  the  upper  part  of  the  pharynx 
beneath  the  skull. 

The  explosive  voice,  which  is  due  to  the  respired  air 
being  all  passed  out  at  the  mouth,  is  always  aggravated  by 
a  feeble  co-operation  of  the  abdominal  muscles  with  the 
vocal  effort.  In  this  case  the  speaker  becomes  hoarse  with 
any  prolonged  vocal  effort.  The  explosive  voice,  though 
harsh  and  loud,  is  never  heard  at  a  great  distance. 


CHAPTEE  IV. 

THERAPEUTICS    OF    THE   VOICE. 

PREMISING  that,  in  all  conditions  of  infirmity  or  dis- 
ease affecting  the  voice,  the  general  health  is  the  first  of 
all  things  to  be  attended  to,  this  chapter  will  be  devoted- 
to  such  exercises  and  remedies  as  are  specially  applicable 
to  defects  of  the  vocal  apparatus.  In  all  cases  it  is  im- 
portant to  harmonize  as  much  as  possible  the  action  of  all 
the  muscles  directly  or  indirectly  concerned  in  respiration 
and  voice ;  and  just  to  the  extent  that  this  is  accomplished 
will  the  disabilities  or  deformities  be  remedied,  weak 
muscles  and  organs  invigorated,  obstructions  removed, 
congestions  reduced,  and  vocalization  improved. 

One  of  the  best  exercises  is  rapid  walking  over  an  un- 
even surface,  or  up  and  down  stairs,  keeping  the  mouth 
shut.  The  exercise  should  be  commenced  with  modera- 
tion, and  gradually  increased  in  rapidity  as  can  be  borne 
without  panting  or  difficulty  of  breathing.  Those  who 
are  dyspeptic  can  improve  the  effect  of  this  exercise  by 
slapping  the  abdominal  muscles  as  recommended  in  the 
author's  work  on  "  Digestion  aud  Dyspepsia." 

Among  the  "  modern  improvements  "  introduced  into 
many  health  institutions,  more  or  less  useful  for  our  pur- 
poses, are  the  health-lift,  vibrator,  dumb-bells,  wands, 
rings,  clubs,  and  other  apparatus  and  machinery,  each  hav- 
ing special  adaptation  to  some  one  or  more  of  the  many 

f33) 


34 


THERAPEUTICS   OF   THE   VOICE. 


abnormal  conditions  prevalent.  But  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  are  obliged  to  depend  on  self-treatment,  a  few 
illustrations,  specially  adapted  to  the  respiratory  and  vocal 
apparatus,  are  copied  from  the  author's  "Illustrated 
Family  Gymnasium,"  to  which  the  reader  is  referred  for  a 
greater  variety  of  illustrations.  But  in  all  exercises  with- 
out apparatus  the  principle  of  bodily  erectitude  must  be 
kept  steadily  in  view  or  nothing  will  be  gained.  All 
bending  of  the  body  must  be  at  the  hip-points,  and  in 
lying,  sitting,  standing,  walking,  or  running,  playing,  or 
Fig.  24.  working,  no  position  must  be 
maintained  that  bends  the  trunk 
of  the  body  or  in  any  manner 
restricts  the  play  of  the  lungs, 
or  compresses  the  abdominal 
viscera.  The  proper  hint  on  this 
subject  is  afforded  in  the  fami- 
liar calisthenic  illustrations  (Figs. 
23  and  24). 

Keeping  in  mind  the  proper 
military  "  attention"  under  all  cir- 
cumstances, the  circular  exercise 
of  the  arms  will  be  found  an  ad- 

MILITABY  'Ti  _p  1      •          •  •      * 

ATTENTION.  POSITION,  mirable  one  for  bringing  into 
gentle  and  equal  action  the  whole  respiratory  system 
(Figs.  25  and  26). 

This  exercise  is  performed  by  extending  the  arms  for- 
ward at  right  angles  with  the  body,  the  palms  of  the 
hands  being  turned  toward  each  other,  and  then  rotating 
the  arms  alternately,  then  both  together  on  the  shoulder 
joint.  Count  one  at  each  rotation,  and  turn  the  hands, 
during  the  movement,  as  far  as  possible  both  ways,  so  as 
to  secure  the  rolling  motion  of  arms  and  joints.  After 


THERAPEUTICS   OF   THE   VOICE. 


35 


the  movement  has  been  performed  half-a-dozen  times  in 
one  direction,  reverse  it,  and  make  as  many  movements 

Fig.  25.  Fig.  26. 


Figs.  25  and  26.— EXERCISE  FOR  THE  WHOLE  RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM. 

in  the  opposite  direction  ;  keep  the  palm  of  the  hand  down 
whenever  the  arm  is  raised. 

The  elbow  whirl  (fig.  27)  may  be  per-  Fig.  27. 
formed  as  a  variation  of  the  above,  and  for 
very  feeble  persons,  especially  those  troubled 
with  shortness  of  breath,  it  is  a  good  pre- 
paratory exercise.  Place  the  elbows  on  the 
hips,  and  then  swing  the  forearms  in  a  circle. 

The  "  circular  "  and  "  w^irl "  motions  may 
be  performed  with  increased  effect  while 
walking  up  hill  or  on  an  uneven  surface. 

The  "lateral  body  swing"  (fig.  28)  is  also 
an  admirable  preparatory  exercise,  and  may 
vary  the  elbow  whirl.  This  movement  con- 
sists in  bending  the  body  from  side  to 
side,  the  arms  being  extended.  It  should  be  ELBOW  WHIRL. 


36 


THERAPEUTICS   OP   THE   VOICE. 


performed  very  slowly  at  first,  counting  in  a  prolonged 
monotone  to  correspond  with  the  bodily  motions. 

Fig.  28.  For  those  whose  chests  are  con- 

tracted, who  are  round  or  stoop- 
shouldered,  or  who  are  predis- 
posed to  consumption,  the  "  chest 
extension "  exercise  is  especially 
to  be  recommended  (figs.  29,  30, 
and  31). 

These  exercises  comprehend 
several  movements  of  the  arms, 
all  of  which  are  intended  to 
stretch  the  muscles  and  ligaments 
more  especially  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  chest.  Hold  the  arms  at 
right  angles  with  the  body,  and 
then  throw  the  arms  and  hands  backward  and  forward 
with  considerable  force,  counting  at  each  backward 
motion.  Then  from  the  same  commencing  position,  vary 


LATERAL  MOVEMENT. 


Fig.  29. 


Fig.  30. 


Fig.  31. 


CHEST  EXTENSION  EXERCISES. 


37 


THERAPEUTICS   OF   THE   VOICE. 


the  exercise  by  striking  the  elbows  together  behind 
31). 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  have  the  ordinary  calis- 
thenic  apparatus,  the  following  familiar  illustrations  are 
given : 

The  Indian  club  exercise  is  calculated  to  develop  power- 
fully the  muscles  of  the  arms  and  chest.  Figs.  32,  33, 
34,  and  35  show  the  principal  positions  so  far  as  club  ex- 
ercises especially  affect  the  respiratory  system. 


Fig.  33. 


Fig.  33. 


Fig.  34. 


Fig.  35. 


INDIAN  CLUB  EXERCISES. 


Weights  and  dumb-bells  may  be  employed  to  intensify 
the  effect  of  any  of  the  exercises  which  are  usually  per- 
formed without  apparatus  ;  and  in  a  variety  of  such  other 
ways  as  any  one,  understanding  the  object  in  view,  can 
readily  extemporize.  Figs.  36  and  37  are  examples. 

Backboards  and  bands,  which  require  no  special  explana- 
tion, help  make  a  variety  of  useful  apparatus.  Figs.  38  and 


THERAPEUTICS   OP   THE   VOICE. 


39  represent  some  of   the  usual  methods  of   exercising 
with  them. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig.  37. 


EXERCISES  WITH  WEIGHTS. 


The  impediments  of  speech  termed  lisping  and  stam- 


Fig. 38. 


mer  ing  ,  can  generally  be  remedied 
without  difficulty  by  a  persevering 
course  of  vocal  training,  and  reason- 
able attention  to  hygienic  conditions. 
The  fact  that  those  who  lisp  and 
stammer  in  speaking,  usually  articu- 


late well  enough  in  sing- 
ing, suggests  the  proper 
remedial  plan.  They 
should  aim  to  get  entire 
mental  control  of  the 
vocal  apparatus  by  en- 
unciating all  of  the  ele- 
mentary sounds  of  the 
language  very  slowly, 

EXERCISES    WITH    BACKBOARDS. 


Fig.  39. 


THERAPEUTICS   OP   THE   VOICE.  39 

deliberately,  and  distinctly,  until  the  habit  of  convulsive 
action  of  the  affected  muscles  is  overcome.  The  stam- 
merer should  always  speak  with  an  expiring  breath,  and 
with  the  mouth  well  opened ;  a  cure  can  generally  be 
accomplished  in  a  few  months,  sometimes  in  a  few 
weeks.  Indeed,  a  proper  and  persevering  course  of  vocal 
gymnastics  will  almost  certainly  remedy  the  worst  kind 
of  stammering. 

The  first  thing  for  the  stammerer  to  do  is  to  get  com- 
plete control  of  his  breathing  apparatus.  This  can  be 
done  by  means  of  the  exercises  mentioned  in  the  succeed- 
ing chapter,  especially  those  recommended  by  Professor 
Zachos,  combined  with  the  practice  of  slow,  deep,  full, 
and  prolonged  respirations.  After  this  is  accomplished, 
exercises  on  the  vowel  sounds,  as  explained  hereafter, 
will  be  in  order,  constituting  what  M.  Chevril,  of  France, 
vvho  has  acquired  a  reputation  for  the  successful  treat- 
ment of  vocal  impediments,  terms  the  "gymnastics  of 
articular  phonation."  When  these  vowel  sounds  are  so 
thoroughly  mastered  that  they  can  be  distinctly  enunci- 
ated forward  and  backward  (thirty-two  sounds)  with  a 
single  expiration,  and  without  any  appreciable  tendency 
to  spasmodic  action,  the  consonant  sounds  should  be  prac- 
ticed on  until  all  of  them  can  be  enunciated  without  the 
least  inclination  to  stammer.  Lastly,  all  of  the  elemen- 
tary sounds  of  our  language  (forty-four),  as  explained  in 
the  ensuing  chapter,  should  be  practiced  on  until  every 
sound  is  made  without  difficulty.  Says  M.  Chevril :  "  The 
whole  plan  consists  in  gymnastically  educating  the  organs 
of  speech,  the  excellent  results  being  due  not  so  much  to 
actual  muscular  work  as  to  the  precision  with  which  the 
practice  is  carried  out.  The  success  depends  on  an  effort 
of  the  will  on  the  part  of  the  patient  to  reproduce  with 


40  THERAPEUTICS   OP   THE    VOICE. 

the  utmost  precision  a  particular  sound.  The  will  of  the 
teacher  must  take  the  place  of  the  patient's  wiL,  as  the 
latter  is  unable  to  regulate  the  movements  dictated  by  it." 
The  principle  above  indicated  may  be  readily  compre- 
hended when  it  is  considered  that  hiccough,  which  is  a 
spasmodic  action  of  some  of  the  respiratory  muscles,  can 
always  be  arrested  instantly  by  a  strong  effort  of  the  will 
properly  directed.  It  is  only  necessary  to  fix  the  atten- 
tion on  some  subject  or  object  intensely ;  for  example, 
the  patient  may  determine  to  speak  the  word  hiccough, 
during  the  next  "  attack,"  or  paroxysm,  and  then  watch 
intently  for  the  first  indication  of  it.  If  his  attention  is 
intense  enough  he  will  not  hiccough  again. 


CHAPTEE  Y. 


TRAINING  OF  THE   VOICE. 

IN  all  exercises  having  in  view  the  improvement  of  the 
vocal  apparatus,  the  first  consideration  as  already  stated, 
is  a  correct  bodily  position.  It  should  be  easy,  uncon- 
strained, and  in  all  respects  natural,  allowing  the  freest 
play  to  every  muscle  concerned  in  respiration  as  well  as 
vocalization.  Figs.  40,  41,  42,  and  43  represent  some  of 
the  normal  positions  in  public  speaking. 

PRESERVATION   OF    THE   VOICE. 

The  rules  for  ensuring  the  durability  and  best  working 
condition  of  the  voice  are  few,  simple,  and  mainly  nega- 
tive. 

1.  Be  temperate  in  all  things — and  this  means,  avoid 

Pig.  40.  Fig.  41. 


DECLAMATION. 


AKGUMENT. 
(41) 


42 


TKAINING   OF   THE   VOICE. 


gluttony  and  dissipation,  and  be  moderate  in  all  sensuous 
indulgences. 

2.  Do  not  make  violent  vocal  efforts  soon  after  a  full 
meal ;  nor  exert  the  voice  at  its  highest  pitch  long  at  a 


Fig.  42. 


Fig.  43. 


EXHORTATION. 


APPEAL. 


time.    Never  use  the  voice  except  very  moderately  when 
affected  with  hoarseness. 

3.  Butter,  nuts,  old  cheese,  sugar,  candies,  salted  meats, 
acid  liquors,  ice-cream,  very  cold  drinks,  and  very  hot 
drinks,  are  especially  injurious  to  the  voice. 


CONTROLLING   THE   RESPIRATION. 

Among  the  essentials  of  good  reading  or  speaking  is  a 
perfect  command  of  the  breath,  so  that  all  of  the  expired 
air  can  be  used  to  the  utmost  advantage  in  vocalization. 
To  acquire  this  condition  : 

1.  Head  or  declaim  in  a  loud  whisper.     This  exercise 
is  very  fatiguing  at  first,  and  should  be  practiced  but  a 
few  minutes  at  a  time,  until  habit  renders  it  easy. 

2.  Read  or  declaim  in  a  low,  strong  key,  passages  which 


TRAINING   OF   THE   VOICE.  43 

require  a  firm  and  dignified  enunciation,  gradually  pro 
ceeding  to  more  spirited,  and  finally  to  the  most  impas- 
sioned sentences. 

3.  The  following  respiratory  exercises,  recommended 
by  Prof.  Zachos,  are  admirable  for  enabling  the  speaker 
to  express  the  deeper  emotions : 

f  Full  Breathing. — Stand  in  an  erect  position,  with  the 
/  arms  akimbo,  the  hands  resting  on  the  hips  ;  slowly  draw 
1   in  the  breath  until  the  chest  is  fully  expanded ;  emit  it 
\with  the  utmost  slowness. 

jT    Audible  Breathing. — Draw  in  the  breath  as  in  full 
breathing,  and   expire  it  audibly,  as  in  the  prolonged 
y  sound  of  the  letter  k. 

Forcible  Breathing. — Fill  the  lungs,  and  then  let  out 
the  breath  suddenly  and  forcibly,  in  the  manner  of  an 
abrupt  and  whispered  cough. 

Sighing. — Fill  suddenly  the  lungs  with  a  full  breath, 
and  emit  as  quickly  as  possible. 

Gasping. — With  a  convulsive  effort  inflate  the  lungs ; 
then  send  forth  the  breath  more  gently. 

Panting. — Breath  quickly  and  violently,  making  the 
emission  of  breath  loud  and  forcible. 

MANAGEMENT   OF   THE   VOICE. 

The  proper  management  of  the  voice  comprises  due 
attention  to  tones,  accent,  emphasis,  pronunciation,  articu- 
lation, and  pauses.  The  following  rules  should  be  ob- 
served : 

1.  Commence  speaking  a  little  under  the   ordinary 
pitch  of  voice. 

2.  The  principal  part  of  a  discourse  should  be  delivered 
in  the  ordinary  pitch  of  voice ;  the  exordium  should  be 
very  deliberate  and  below  the  ordinary  pitch,  and  the 


44  TRAINING   OP   THE   VOICE. 

peroration  more  impassioned  and  above  the   ordinary 
pitch. 

THE   REGULATION   OF   TONES.' 

•Nothing  is  more  awkward  in  public  speaking  than  a 
misadaptation  of  tones  to  the  occasion.  They  may  be 
classified  as  follows : 

1.  The  whisper,  intended  to  be  audible  only  to  the 
nearest  person. 

2.  The  murmur,  or  low  tone,  adapted  to  close  conver- 
sation. 

3.  The  ordinary  pitch,  suited  to  general  conversation. 

4.  The  high  or  elevated  pitch,  adapted  only  to  earnest 
argument  or  powerful  appeals. 

5.  The  extreme  or  highest  pitch,  appropriate  only  in 
the  expression  of  violent  passions. 

ENUNCIATION. 

Guard  against  the  common  fault  of  reading  or  speak- 
ing with  the  mouth  insufficiently  opened,  or  the  teeth 
nearly  closed.  If  this  habit  has  been  acquired,  overcome 
it  as  speedily  as  possible.  This  may  be  done  by  reciting 
occasionally  with  a  gag  placed  between  the  teeth ;  it  may 
be  made  of  card-board  or  a  thin  piece  of  wood.  Com- 
mence with  a  gag  half  an  inch  wide,  and  gradually  in- 
crease it  to  an  inch  and  a  half. 

Be  careful  to  articulate  every  syllable  of  every  word. 
The  general  fault  of  readers,  speakers,  and  especially 
singers,  is  in  failing  to  articulate  unaccented  syllables. 
The  rule  of  pronunciation  is  to  regard  every  syllable  as 
equally  important,  giving  each  its  proper  sound,  and 
never  slurring  nor  blending  them  together. 


TRAINING   OF   THE   VOICE.  45 

DEPORTMENT. 

Under  this  head  a  few  words  on  the  countenance, 
manner,  and  gesture  may  be  proper. 

Nothing  tends  more  to  secure  the  sympathies  of  the 
audience  than  a  quiet,  self-possessed  deportment.  Never 
come  before  an  audience,  nor  approach  the  speaker's  desk 
in  a  hurried,  bustling  manner.  Be  deliberate  and  natural. 
Be  right,  then  act  yourself.  Look  over  the  audience,  but 
do  not  stare  at  it.  Avoid  all  awkward  and  uncouth  expres- 
sions of  countenance,  as  pouting,  stretching,  or  twisting 
the  lips  ;  do  not  bite,  smack,  nor  lick  the  lips ;  in  enunci- 
ating emphatic  words  or  sentences,  do  not  pull  down  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  and  expose  the  teeth  as  in  grinning ; 
the  mouth  should  be  used  much  more  than  the  lips  in 
forcible  speaking. 

In  all  proper  gesticulation  the  movements  of  the  body 
correspond  with  and  express,  in  the  language  of  signs, 
the  thoughts  and  feelings  of  the  speaker.  This  is  done 
normally  by  young  children,  and  by  all  persons  who 
have  not  been  perverted  by  miseducation.  The  ten- 
dency of  the  teachings  of  most  of  our  schools  is  to  exag- 
geration, by  which  the  student  acquires  an  artificial  and 
affected  mannerism.  It  is  propriety,  not  quantity,  of  ges- 
ture that  should  be  studied.  The  person  who  forgets 
himself  in  his  subject  seldom  errs  in  gesticulation,  while 
the  person  who  puts  himself  before  his  subject  always 
does.  The  question  for  the  speaker,  who  would  become 
proficient  in  gesture,  to  ask  himself,  is  not,  "  What  do  the 
hearers  think  of  me  ?"  but  "  How  do  I  present  the  sub- 
ject?" If  the  speaker  successfully  communicates  his 
thoughts  and  feelings  to  others,  he  will  most  certainly  do 
himself  justice  in  manner. 

In  standing,  rest  alternately  on  each  foot,  and  prin- 


46  TRAINING   OP  THE   VOICE. 

cipally  on  the  heel,  changing  position  frequently.  Keep 
the  feet  always  flat  on  the  floor,  avoiding  all  tendency  to 
rest  on  the  toes  or  on  one  edge  of  either  foot.  In  walking 
the  stage,  turn  by  placing  one  foot  behind  the  other,  thus 
at  all  times  inclining  to  face  the  audience ;  never  make 
the  awkward  blunder  of  turning  one  foot  around  the 
other  in  front,  thus  bringing  the  back  to  the  audience. 
The  grace  of  oratorical  action  consists  in  the  freedom  and 
simplicity  of  those  gestures'  which  illustrate  the  subject. 

On  this  subject  the  reader  who  aims  at  excellence  will 
do  well  to  read  Pittenger's  "  Oratory,  Sacred  and  Secular," 
which  gives  a  history  of  some  of  the  leading  orators, 
preachers,  and  lecturers  of  the  present  day,  and  of  the 
preceding  century. 


CHAPTEE  VI. 

EXERCISES   OU   THE   ELEMENTAKY   SOUNDS. 

THOSE  who  would  excel  as  speakers,  readers,  or  singers, 
should  be  able  to  enunciate,  distinctly  and  rapidly,  all  of 
the  primary  or  elementary  sounds  which  are  represented 
by  written  language.  The  twenty-six  letters  of  the  English 
alphabet  represent  forty-four  distinct  sounds,  as  explained 
in  the  following 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    ELEMENTARY    SOUNDS. 

There  are  forty-four  sounds  of  the  English  language, 
represented  by  the  twenty-six  letters  of  the  alphabet  and 
their  combinations,  as  in  the  following  table  : 

1.  ra,  long,  as  in  ale,  pale,  national,  plaintiff,  amen. 

2.  J  a,  grave,  or  Italian,  as  in  ah,  far,  papa,  mamma. 

3.  ]  a,  broad,  or  German,  as  in  all,  draw,  daughter,  fraught 

4.  I  a,  short,  as  in  at,  hat,  attack,  malefactor. 

5.  b,  name  sound,  as  in  be,  bite,  bright,  tub,  hubbub 

6.  r  c,  sound  of  s,  as  in  cent,  city,  cornice,  precipice. 

7.  J  c,  sound  of  k,  as  in  cap,  come,  occult,  ecliptic. 

8.  1  c,  sound  of  z,  as  in  suffice,  discern,  sacrifice. 

9.  I  c,  sound  of  sh,  as  in  ocean,  Phocion,  Cappadocia. 

10.  (  d,  name  sound,  as  in  ride,  did,  daddy,  double-headed. 

11.  (d,  sound  of  t,  as  in  faced,  watched,  dipped,  escaped. 

12.  )  e,  long,  as  in  eel,  peel,  creed,  reveal,  precede. 

13.  (e,  short,  as  in  ell,  expel,  ever-extended. 

14.  tf,  name  sound,  as  in  if,  rife,  fife,  faithful,  tariff. 

15.  1  1]  sound  of  v,  as  in  of,  hereof,  whereof,  thereof. 

(47) 


4:8  EXERCISES   ON  THE    ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS. 

16.  f  g,  soft  or  name  sound,  as  in  gem,  ginseng,  logical. 
17".  Kg,  hard,  as  in  go,  give,  gig,  Brobdignag. 

18.  (g,  sound  of  gh,  as  in  rouge,  protege,  mirage. 

19.  h,  name  sound,  as  in  hale,  high,  Hannah. 

20.  \  i,  long,  as  in  isle,  lilac,  oblige,  iodine. 

21.  (i,  short,  as  in  in,  pin,  king,  distinctive. 

22.  1,  name  sound,  as  in  lo,  lily,  dalliance,  lullaby. 

23.  m,  name  sound,  as  in  map,  mummy,  amalgamate. 

24.  ( n,  name  sound,  as  in  nine,  ninny,  nobleman,  manikin. 

25.  ( n,  sound  of  ng,  as  in  bank,  ingot,  congress,  angular. 

26.  <  o,  long,  as  in  old,  osier,  trophy,  sofa,  atrocious. 
27".  <  o,  close,  as  in  ooze,  douceur,  accoutre,  troubadour. 

28.  '  o,  short,  as  in  on,  combat,  obelisk,  holyday. 

29.  p,  name  sound,  as  in  pill,  pippin,  panter,  platter. 

30.  ( r,  smooth,  as  in  war,  afar,  tartar,  murderer. 

31.  (r,  trilled,  as  in  rough,  railroad,  recreation. 

32.  f  u,  long,  as  in  mute,  astute,  educate,  judicature.       c 

33.  •<  u,  short,  as  in  up,  mum,  ultra,  numbskull. 

34.  (u,  full,  as  in  pull,  cruel,  Prussian,  Brutus.* 

35.  w,  name  sound,  as  in  woo,  bewail,  wigwam,  wormwood. 

36.  \  x,  name  sound,  as  in  axe,  coxcomb,  luxury,  example. 

37.  f  x,  sound  of  gz,  as  hi  exist,  exhibit,  exuberant. 

38.  y,  name  sound,  as  in  ye,  yoke,  yewyaw,  yesterday. 

39.  ch,  name  sound,  as  in  charm,  church,  chickering,  Chimborazo. 

40.  ( tli,  aspirate,  as  in  thin,  think,  thankless,  prothonotary. 

41.  (th,  vocal,  as  in  than,  that,  beneath,  withhold,  wherewithal. 

42.  wh.  name  sound,  as  in  what,  wherefore,  whirligig,  whimpering. 

43.  oi  or  oy,  diphthongs,  or  digraphs,  as  oil,  boy,  recoil,  employ. 

44.  on  or  ow,  diphthongs,  or  digraphs,  as  in  our,  bow,  gouty, 
trowel. 

The  student  should  master  all  of  these  sounds,  and  practice  on 
them  until  he  can  repeat  them  with  facility  backward  or  forward  ; 
after  which  he  may,  with  advantage,  exercise  on  the  different 
sounds  or  groups  of  sounds,  with  the  view  of  developing  the 
power  of  particular  portions  of  the  vocal  and  respiratory  apparatus. 

ANALYSIS    OF   THE    SOTINDS    OF   LETTERS. 

In  order  to  ascertain  the  exact  sound  represented  by  any 
letter,  character,  or  combination  of  letters,  the  student 
Las  only  to  analyze  a  word  in  which  it  occurs.  The  pro- 


EXERCISES   ON  THE  ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  49 

cess  is  a  very  simple  one,  yet  many  teachers  have  never 
learned  it. 

Ask  the  scholar  in  the  primary  school,  "  How  many 
sounds  has  b  ?"  and  he  may  answer  promptly,  "  B  has  but 
one  sound,  as  in  bite."  Yery  well ;  then  ask  him,  "  What 
is  that  sound  of  b,  as  in  bite  ?"  and  he  may  not  be  able  to 
tell  you. 

To  ascertain  what  the  sound  of  b  is,  and  to  be  able  to 
make  it,  pure  arid  simple,  he  has  only  to  analyze,  vocally? 
any  word  or  syllable  containing  the  letter.  It  is  more 
convenient  for  new  beginners  to  take  a  word  commencing 
with  the  letter,  "  as  in  bite."  Let  him  spell  and  pronounce 
all  the  letters  in  the  usual  manner — b-i-t-e,  bite.  Then 
spell  and  pronounce  all  except  the  last  letter,  e — b-i-t,  bit. 
The  i  being  long,  as  in  isle,  the  pronunciation  of  bite  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  without  the  terminal  e  as  with  it ;  hence 
the  scholar  discovers  that  e  is  silent  in  that  word.  Next 
let  him  spell  and  pronounce  the  word,  omitting  the  last 
two  letters,  t  and  e — b-i,  bi.  He  now  learns  that  i  has  its 
long  sound  in  that  word ;  if  it  were  short  it  would  be 
sounded  like  i  in  hit.  Lastly  let  him  sound  the  word 
omitting  the  last  three  letters.  He  will  then  enunciate 
the  one  sound  of  b,  as  in  bite ;  and  a  little  attention  to  the 
vocal  organs  wi]l  show  him  precisely  how  the  sound  of  b 
is  made. 

The  process  of  analysis  is  now  completed  ;  and  by  ob- 
serving the  position  and  action  of  the  lips,  he  learns  why 
the  letter  b  belongs  to  the  category  of  labial  or  lip  sounds, 
its  pronunciation,  as  well  as  that  of  m  and  p,  requiring 
a  closure  of  the  lips. 

By  the  application  of  this  key  the  student  can  readily 
ascertain  the  sound  of  any  letter  or  character. 

Another  similar  and  still  more  simple  method  is,  to 
3 


50  EXERCISES   ON   THE   ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS. 

select  a  word  beginning  with  the  letter  or  character  the 
sound  of  which  is  to  be  ascertained  ;  commence  the  pro- 
nunciation of  the  word,  but  stop  the  effort  instantly  with 
the  first  sound  which  the  ear  recognizes  ;  this  will  be  the 
pure  sound  by  itself,  whether  vocal  or  aspirate. 

Thus,  if  the  student  begin  to  pronounce  the  names, 
Cicero  and  Cato,  and  the  words,  this  and  thin,  and  inter- 
rupts the  effort  with  the  first  appreciable  noise,  he  will 
learn  that  c  in  Cicero  has  the  hissing  sound  of  s,  and  c  in 
Cato  the  hard  sound  of  k ;  while  th  in  the  word  this, 
has  a  compound  vocal  sound,  and  th  in  thin,  a  compound 
aspirate  or  breath  sound. 

EXERCISES  ON    THE  VOWEL    SOUNDS.    * 

There  are  sixteen  vowel  sounds  in  our  language,  in- 
cluding the  diphthongs  ;  they  are  found  in  the  order  of  our 
alphabet  in  the  following  words :  ale,  ah,  all,  at,  eel,  ell, 
isle,  ill,  old,  ooze,  on,  use,  up,  full,  oil,  how.  The  enuncia- 
tion of  these  vowel  sounds,  distinct  from  that  of  the  conso- 
nant sounds,  in  reading,  speaking,  and  singing,  is  one  of 
the  best  exercises  for  acquiring  flexibility  of  the  articu- 
lating muscles,  and  elasticity  of  the  vocal  cords ;  also  for 
bringing  into  vigorous  co-operative  action  those  respira- 
tory muscles  which  are  most  immediately  concerned  in 
the  production  of  the  lower  tones  of  voice.  They  should 
be  pronounced  forward  and  backward  until  they  can  be 
repeated  several  times  with  a  single  respiration,  thus : 

ale,  ah,  all,  at,  eel,  ell,  isle,  ill,  old,  ooze,  on,  use,  up- 
full  oil,  how,  a,  a,  a,  a,  e,  e,  i,  i,  o,  o,  o,  u,  u,  w,  oi,  ow. 

Reversely, 

ow,  oi,  u,  u,  u,  o,  o,  o,  i,  i,  e,  e,  a,  a,  a,  a,  how,  oil,  full, 
up,  use,  on,  ooze,  old,  ill,  isle,  ell,  eel,  at,  all,  ah,  ale. 

This  exercise  may  be  advantageously  varied  by  em- 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.      51 

ploying  only  the  short  vowel  sounds  in  the  same  manner. 

at,  ell,  ill,  on,  up — up,  on,  ill,  ell,  at,  a,  e,  i,  o,  u — u,  o,  i, 
e,  a. 

Reading  by  the  vowel  sounds  alone,  is  an  exceedingly 
useful  exercise  for  the  articulating  muscles,  and  may 
serve  to  "  vary  the  entertainment."  No  better  example  for 
practice  can  be  found  than  Hamlet's  advice  to  the  players. 

Speak  the  speech,  I  pray  you,  as  /  pronounced  it  to  you ;  trippingly 

6  ee,ia          u,  aioou  iou;        i    i    i 

on  the  tongue.     But  if  you  mouth  it,  as  many  of  our  players  do,  I  had 
o         e  u.         u    i         u      ou       i  ,  a       o    i    o     ou        ae       o  ,  i     a 

as  lief  the  town-cr^r  had  spoke  my  lines.     And  do  not  saw  the  air  too 

a        e        e     ou        t    c        a          o         ii.a  ooa          e    a        o 

much  with  your  hand;  hut  use  all  gently;  for  in  the  very  torrent, 

u  i  u        a       ,-      u     u       a       «       t  ;     o     i          eeio«, 

tempest,  and,  as  I  may  say,  WHIKLWIND  of  your  passion,  you  must 

e       0    ,  a       ,  a      i        a       a,          i         i         o  u       a      u    ,         u        u 

acquire  and  beget  a  temperance  that  may  give  it  smoothness.     Oh!  it 
a        i      a         e   e     a.     e      e   a  a         aii          o         e    .      o        i 

offends  me  to  the  soul  to  hear  a  robustious  periwig-pated.  fellow,  tear  a 
oo  eo      GO         o     e       &ouiueii       a  e      e    o    ,      a     a 

passion  to  tatters,  to  very  rags,  to  split  the  ears  of  the  groundlings. 
a       u     o    «    e     ,    o     o  i      a    ,   o        i        ee        o        eo          i 

EXERCISES    ON   THE    CONSONANT    SOUNDS. 

There  are  seventeen  vocal  and  eleven  aspirate  sounds  in 
the  English  language ;  consonants  are  also  distinguished 
into  simple,  of  which  there  are  thirteen,  and  compound, 
of  which  there  are  fifteen. 

Vocal. — b,  as  in  bite ;  c,  as  in  discern ; 
d,  as  in  dome ;  f ,  as  in  thereof ;  g,  as  in 
gem ;  g,  as  in  go ;  g,  as  in  menagerie ;  1,  as 


CONSONANTS. 


in  line ;  m,  as  in  mamma ;  n,  as  in  not ;  n, 
as  in  clank :  r,  as  in  jar ;  r,  as  in  bright ; 
w,  as  in  wist ;  x,  as  in  excite ;  y,  as  in  youth ; 
th,  as  in  thee. 


52 


EXERCISES   ON  THE   ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS. 


Aspirate. — c,  as  in  cent ;  c,  as  in  cap  ;  c, 
as  in  gracious ;  d,  as  in  embraced ;  f ,  as  in 
fit;  h,  as  in  hand;  p,  as  in  pop;  x,^as  in 
extant ;  ch,  as  in  chance ;  th,  as  in  thin ; 
wh,  as  in  whine. 

Simple. — b,  as  in  bib ;  c,  as  in  circle ;  c, 
as  in  Connecticut ;  d,  as  in  day ;  d,  as  in 
tripp'd ;  f,  as  in  foe ;  g,  as  in  give ;  h,  as  in 
hope ;  1,  as  in  live ;  m,  as  in  man ;  n,  as  in 
ten ;  p,  as  in  poppy ;  r,  as  in  more. 
CONSONANTS.  -{  Compound. — c,  sound  of  z,  as  in  suffice ; 
c,  sound  of  sh,  as  in  judicial ;  f,  sound  of 
v,  as  in  hereof ;  g,  soft,  as  in  ginger ;  g, 
sound  of  zh,  as  in  tongue ;  n,  sound  of  ng, 
as  in  Frank ;  r,  rough  or  trilled,  as  in  crash  ; 
w,  name  sound,  as  in  wool ;  x,  sound  of  ks, 
as  in  excel ;  x,  sound  of  gz,  as  in  example ; 
y,  name  sound,  as  in  yarn ;  ch,  sound  of 
tch,  as  in  much ;  th,  soft,  or  aspirate,  as  in 
theme;  th,  vocal,  as  in  thou;  wh,  name 
sound,  as  in  when. 
Every  consonant  sound  should  be  distinctly  recognized 
tind  enunciated,  until  the  whole  list  of  twenty-eight  can 
be  repeated  forward  and  backward  with  a  single  respira- 
tion. Exercises  on  the  consonant  sounds  are  calculated 
to  promote  rapidity  and  accuracy  in  the  action  of  the 
tongue,  lips,  and  mouth. 

The  following  words  represent  the  consonant  sounds 
in  the  order  heretofore  .mentioned :  bob,  cent,  come,  suf- 
fice, ocean,  ride,  dipped,  rife,  of,  gem,  go,  mirage,  hale, 
lo,  man,  nine,  bank,  pin,  war,  rough,  wo,  axe,  exist,  yoke, 
charm,  thin,  than,  what. 

By  analyzing  these  words  in  the  manner  already  ex- 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS.  53 

plained,  the  sound  represented  by  each  letter  or  combina- 
tion of  letters  will  be  readily  ascertained. 

EXERCISES    IN    EMPHASIS. 

Stress.-:— The  first  three,  and  the  last  two  verses,  or 
volumes ;  not  the  three  first  and  the  two  last ;  there  can 
be  only  one  first  thing. 

Quantity. — Roll  on,  thou  dark  and  deep  blue  ocean — 
roll !  Ten  thousand  fleets  sweep  over  thee  in  vain.  Hail ! 
—universal  Lord. 

Expulsive  Stress. — Aim  at  nothing  higher  until  you  can 
read  and  speak  deliberately,  clearly,  distinctly,  and  with 
the  appropriate  emphasis. 

Stress  and  Higher  Pitch. — O  man,  tyrannic  lord  !  how 
long — how  long,  shall  prostrate  nature  groan  beneath  your 
rage! 

Prolongation  and  Monotone. — I  appeal  to  you — O  ye 
hills  and  groves  of  Alba,  and  your  demolished  altars !  I 
call  you  to  witness ! — and  thou — O  holy  Jupiter ! 

Rhetorical  Pause. — "Will  all  great  Neptune's  ocean  wash 
this  blood — clean — from  my  hands  ?  No,  these,  my  hands, 
will  rather  the  multitudinous  sea  incarnadine,  making 
the  green — one  red. 

Change  of  the  Seat  of  Accent. — Temperance  and  virtue 
raise  men  above  themselves  to  angels ;  intemperance  and 
vice  sink  them  below  themselves  to  the  level  of  brutes. 

SHOUTINGK 

Charge !  Chester !  charge !  on  Stanley,  on ; 

Liberty,  freedom — tyranny  is  dead ; 
Run  hence ;  proclaim  it  in  the  streets — 

The  combat  deepens !  ON,  ye  brave  I 


54  EXERCISES   ON   THE   ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS. 


EXAMPLES    OF    INTONATIONS. 

Rising. — Are  you  desirous  of  becoming  a  good  reader, 
speaker,  and  singer  ?  Then  learn  and  practice  the  prin- 
ciples herein  taught  and  demonstrated. 

Falling. — A  mind  properly  disciplined  to  submit  to  a 
small  present  evil,  to  obtain  a  greater  distant  good,  will 
often  reap  victory  from  defeat  and  honor  from  repulse. 

Rising  and  Falling. — To  whom  the  goblin,  full  of 
Wrath,  replied :  Art  thou  traitor  angel  ?  Art  thou  he 
who  first  broke  peace  in  heaven,  and  faith  till  then  un- 
broken ?  Back  to  the  punishment — false  fugitive ! 

The  man  who  is  in  the  daily  use  of  ardent  spirits,  if 
he  does  not  become  a  drunkard,  is  in  danger  of  losing  his 
health  and  character. 

EXAMPLES    OF   WAVES   OH    CIRCUMFLEXES. 

Rising. — The  love  of  approbation — produces  excellent 
effects  on  men  of  sense ;  a  strong  desire  for  praise  in  weak 
minds  conduces  to  little  else  than  vanity. 

Falling. — It  is  not  prudent  to  trust  your  secrets  to  a 
man  who  can  not  keep  his  own.  If  you  had  made  that 
affirmation,  I  might  perhaps  have  believed  it. 

Combination. — Mere  hirelings  and  time-servers — are 
always  opposed  to  improvements  and  originality :  so  are 
tyrants — to  liberty  and  republicanism. 

CADENCE. 

Ye  nymphs  of  Solyma,  begin  the  song; 

To  heavenly  themes  sublimer  strains  belong. 

Such  honors  Ilion  to  her  lover  paid, 

And  peaceful  slept  the  mighty  Hector's  shade. 


EXERCISES   ON  THE  ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  55 


EXAMPLES     OF   DYNAMICS. 

Loud. — With  mighty  crash  the  noise  astounds ;  amid 
Carnarvon's  mountains  rages  loud,  the  repercussive  roar ; 
and  Thule  bellows  through  her  utmost  isles. 

Rough. — The  tempest  growls;  the  unconquerable 
lightning  struggles  through,  ragged  and  fierce,  and — 
raging,  strikes  the  aggravating  rocks. 

SOFT. 

Soft  roll  your  incense,  herbs,  and  fruits,  and  flowers 
Ye  softer  floods,  that  lead  the  humid  maze 
Along  the  vale.     Breathe  your  still  song 
Into  the  reaper's  heart. 

SMOOTH. 

Perfumes  as  of  Eden  flowed  sweetly  along, 
And  a  voice  as  of  angels  enchantingly  sung. 

And  the  smooth  stream  hi  smoother  numbers  flowed. 

Harsh. — On  a  sudden,'  open  fly  with  impetuous  recoil 
and  jarring  sound  the  infernal  doors,  and  on  their  groan- 
ing hinges  grate  harsh  thunder. 

Forcible. — Now  storming  fury  rose,  and  clamor,  such 
as  heard  in  heaven,  till  now,  was  never ;  arms  on  armor 
clashing,  brayed  horrible  discord. 

Harmonious. — As  earth  asleep,  unconscious  lies ;  effuse 
your  mildest  beams,  ye  constellations,  while  your  angels 
strike,  amid  the  spangled  sky,  the  silver  lyre. 

Strong. — Him  the  Almighty  power  hurled  headlong, 
flaming  from  the  ethereal  skies,  with  hideous  ruin  and 
combustion  down  to  bottomless  perdition. 


CHAPTEE  YII. 

SELECTIONS    FOB   PRACTICE. 

THE  student  who  aims  at  excellence  in  speaking  or 
writing  should  carefully  study,  and  become  familiar  with, 
the  spirit  of  the  masters  of  elocution  and  composition. 
He  will  profit  more  in  studying  well,  practicing  thor- 
oughly, on  a  single  production  from  one  of  fcheir  pens, 
than  by  memorizing  and  declaiming  a  hundred  indiffer- 
ent compositions  by  second-rate  authors.  Booth,  Jeffer- 
son, Salvini,  and  Cushman,  by  mastering  the  characters  of 
Hamlet,  Rip  Yan  Winkle,  Othello,  and  Meg  Merrilies, 
can  have  a  profitable  field  of  action  for  a  life-time  in 
playing  those  characters  alone.  One  thing  well  done,  in 
elocution  as  in  other  vocations,  prepares  the  way  for 
doing  other  things  well,  and  leads  the  way  to  honor  and 
prosperity. 

In  the  following  selections  the  masters  of  language  and 
of  oratory  are  represented,  and  their  productions  may  not 
be  excelled  for  ages.  The  selections  are  arranged  with 
the  view  to  public  declamation  as  well  as  private  exercise. 

TO  RANGE. 

Strike  home,  strong-hearted  man !  down  to  the  root 
Of  old  oppression  sink  the  Saxon  steel. 
Thy  work  is  to  hew  down.     In  Grod's  name,  then, 
Put  nerve  into  thy  task.     Let  other  men 
(56) 


SELECTIONS  FOE  PRACTICE.  57 

Plant,  as  they  may,  that  better  tree,  whose  fruit, 
The  wounded  bosom  of  the  church  shall  heal, 
Be  though  the  image-breaker.     Let  thy  blows 
Fall  heavily  as  the  Suabian's  iron  hand, 
On  crown  or  crosier,  which  shall  interpose 
Between  thee  and  the  weal  of  Father-land. 
Leave  creeds  to  closet  idlers.    First  of  all, 
Shake  thou  all  German  dream-land  with  the  fall 
Of  that  accursed  tree,  whose  evil  trunk 
Was  spared  of  old  by  Erfart's  stalwart  monk. 
Fight  not  with  ghosts  and  shadows.     Let  us  hear 
The  snap  of  chain-links.     Let  our  gladdened  ear 
Catch  the  pale  prisoner's  welcome,  as  the  light 
Follows  thy  axe-stroke,  through  his  cell  of  night. 
Be  faithful  to  both  worlds  ;  nor  think  to  feed 
Earth's  starving  millions  with  the  husks  of  creed. 
Servant  of  Him  whose  mission  high  and  holy 
Was  to  the  wronged,  the  sorrowing,  and  the  lowly, 
Thrust  not  His  Eden  promise  from  our  sphere, 
Distant  and  dim  beyond  the  blue  sky's  span; 
Like  him  of  Patmos,  see  it,  now  and  here, — 
The  New  Jerusalem  comes  to  man ! 
Be  warned  by  Luther's  error.     Nor  like  him, 
When  the  routed  Tuton  dashes  from  his  limb 
The  rusted  chain  of  ages,  help  to  bind 
His  hands,  for  whom  thou  claiai'st  the  freedom  of  the 
mind! 

GLOBY. 

1.  The  crumbling  tombstone  and  the  gorgeous  mauso- 
le'um,  the  sculptured  marble,  and  the  venerable  cathe- 
dral, all  bear  witness  to  the  instinctive  desire  within  us 
to  be  remembered  by  coming  generations.  But  how 
short-lived  is  the  immortality  which  the  works  of  our 
hands  can  confer !  The  noblest  monuments  of  art  that 
the  world  has  ever  seen  are  covered  with  the  soil  of 
twenty  centuries.  The  works  of  the  age  of  Pericles  lie 
3* 


58  SELECTIONS   FOE   PRACTICE. 

at  the  foot  of  the  Acropolis  in  indiscriminate  ruin.  The 
plow-share  turns  up  the  marble  which  the  hand  of 
Phidias  had  chiseled  into  beauty,  and  the  Mussulman 
has  folded  his  flock  Beneath  the  falling  columns  of  the 
temple  of  Minerva. 

2.  But  even  the  works  of  our  hands  too  frequently  sur- 
vive the  memory  of  those  who  have  created  them.     And 
were  it  otherwise,  could  we  thus  carry  down  to  distant 
ages   the  recollection   of  our  existence,  it  were  surely 
childish  to  waste  the  energies  of  an  immortal  spirit  in 
the  effort  to  make  it  known  to  other  times,  that  a  being 
whose  name  was  written  with  certain  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet, once  lived,  and  nourished,  and  died.     Neither  sculp- 
tured marble,  nor  stately  column,  can  reveal  to  other  ages 
the  lineaments  of  the  spirit ;  and  these  alone  can  embalm 
our  memory  in  the  hearts  of  a  grateful  prosperity. 

3.  As  the  stranger  stands  beneath  the  dome  of  St. 
Paul's,  or  treads,  with  religious  awe,  the  silent  aisles  of 
Westminster  Abbey?  the  sentiment,  which  is  breathed 
from  every  object  around  him,  is,  the  utter  emptiness  of 
sublunary  glory.    The  fine  arts,  obedient  to  private  affec- 
tion or  public  gratitude,  have  here  embodied,  in  every 
form,  the  finest  conceptions  of  which  their  age  was  capa- 
ble.    Each  one  of  these  monuments  has  been  watered  by 
the  tears  of  the  widow,  the  orphan,  or  the  patriot. 

4.  But  generations  have  passed  away,  and  mourners 
and  mourned  have    sunk   together  into   forgetfulness. 
The  ag&d  crone,  or  the  smooth-tongued  beadle,  as  now  he 
hurries  you  through  ailes  and  chapel,  utters,  with  meas- 
ured cadence   and  unmeaning  tone,  for  the  thousandth 
time,  the  name  and  lineage  of  the  once  honored  dead ; 
and  then  gladly  dismisses  you,  to  repeat  again  his  well- 
conned  lesson  to  another  group  of  idle  passers-by. 


SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE.  59 

5.  Such,  in  its  most  august  form,  is  all  the  immortality 
that  matter  can  confer.  It  is  by  what  we  ourselves  have 
done,  and  not  by  what  others  have  done  for  us,  that  we 
shall  be  remembered  by  after  ages.  It  is  by  thought 
that  has  aroused  my  intellect  from  its  slumbers,  which 
has  "  given  lustre  to  virtue,  and  dignity  to  truth,"  or  by 
those  examples  which  have  inflamed  my  soul  with  the 
love  of  goodness,  and  not  by  means  of  sculptured  marble, 
that  I  hold  communion  with  Shakespeare  and  Milton, 
with  Johnson  and  Burke,  with  Howard  and  Wilberf orce. 

DR.  WAYLAND. 
CATO'S  SOLILOQUY. 

1  It  must  be  so — Plato,  thou  reasonest  well ! 

Else,  whence  this  pleasing  hope,  this  fond  desire, 

This  longing  after  immortality? 

Or  whence  this  secret  dread,  and  inward  horror, 

Of  falling  into  naught?     Why  shrinks  the  soul 

Back  on  herself,  and  startles  at  destruction? 

'Tis  the  divinity  that  stirs  within  us ; 

'Tis  Heaven  itself  that  points  out  a  hereafter, 

And  intimates  eternity  to  man. 

2  Eternity ! — though  pleasing,  dreadful  thought ! 
Through  what  variety  of  untried  being, 

Through  what  new  scenes  and  changes  must  we  pass ! 
The  wide,  the  unbounded  prospect  lies  before  me; 
But  shadows,  clouds,  and  darkness  rest  upon  it. 
Here  will  I  hold.     If  there's  a  Power  above  us, — 
And  that  there  is,  all  Nature  cries  aloud 
Through  all  her  works, — He  must  delight  in  virtue; 
And  that  which  He  delights  in  must  be  happy. 
But  when?  or  where?    This  world  was  made  forCsesar. 
I'm  weary  of  conjectures, — this  must  end  them. 

[Laying  his  hand  on  his  sword. 

3  Thus  am  I  doubly  armed.     My  death  and  life, 
My  bane  and  antidote,  are  both  before  me. 


60  SELECTIONS   FOB   PRACTICE. 

This  in  a  moment  brings  me  to  my  end ; 
But  this  informs  me  I  shall  never  die. 
The  soul,  secure  in  her  existence,  smiles 
At  the  drawn  dagger,  and  defies  its  point. 
The  stars  shall  fade  away,  the  sun  himself 
Grow  dim  with  age,  and  Nature  sink  in  years ; 
But  thou  shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth, 
Unhurt  amid  the  war  of  elements, 
The  wreck  of  matter,  and  the  crush  of  worlds. 

ADDISON. 
OUK  HONORED  DEAD. 

1.  How  bright  are  the  honors  which  await  those  who 
with  sacred  fortitude  and  patriotic  patience  have  endured 
all  things  that  they  might  save  their  native  land  from 
division  and  from  the  power  of  corruption !    *The  hon- 
ored dead  !    They  that  die  for  a  good  cause  are  redeemed 
from  death.     Their  names  are  gathered  and  garnered. 
Their  memory  is  precious.     Each  place  grows  proud  for 
them  who  were  born  there. 

2.  There  is  to  be,  ere  long,  in  every  village  and  in 
every  neighborhood,  a  glowing  pride  in  its  martyred 
heroes.     Tablets  shall  preserve  their  names.     Pious  love 
shall  renew  their  inscriptions  as  time  and  the  unfeeling 
elements  decay  them.     And  the  national  festivals  shall 
give  multitudes  of  precious  names  to  the  orator's  lips. 
Children  shall  grow  up  under  more  sacred  inspirations, 
whose  elder  brothers,  dying  nobly  for  their  country,  left 
a  name  that  honored  and  inspired  all  who  bore  it.     Or- 
phan children  shall  find  thousands  of  fathers  and  mothers 
to  love  and  help  those  whom  dying  heroes  left  as  a  legacy 
to  the  gratitude  of  the  public. 

3.  Oh,  tell  me  not  that  they  are  dead — that  generous 
host,  that  airy  army  of  invisible  heroes !     They  hover  as 
a  cloud  of  witnesses  above  this  nation.     Are  they  dead 


SELECTIONS  FOB  PRACTICE.  61 

that  yet  speak  louder  than  we  can  speak,  and  a  more  uni- 
versal language  ?  Are  they  dead  that  yet  act  ?  Are  they 
dead  that  yet  move  upon  society,  and  inspire  the  people 
with  nobler  motives  and  more  heroic  patriotism  ? 

4.  Ye  that  mourn,  let  gladness  mingle  with  your  tears. 
He  was  your  son ;  but  now  he  is  the  nation's.     He  made 
your  household  bright :  now  his  example  inspires  a  thou- 
sand households.     Dear  to  his  brothers  and  sisters,  he  is 
now  brother  to  every  generous  youth  in  the  land.     Be- 
fore,  he  was  narrowed,  appropriated,  shut  up  to  you. 
Now  he  is  augmented,  set  free,  and  given  to  all.    He  has 
died  from  the  family,  that  he  might  live  to  the  nation. 
Not  one  name  shall  be  forgotten  or  neglected;  and  it 
shall  by-and-by  be  confessed,  as  of  an  ancient  hero,  that 
he  did  more  for  his  country  by  his  death  than  by  his 
whole  life. 

5.  Neither  are  they  less  honored  who  shall  bear  through 
life  the  marks  of  wounds  and  sufferings.     Neither  epau- 
lette nor  badge  is  so  honorable  as  wounds  received  in  a 
good  cause.    Many  a  man  shall  envy  him  who  henceforth 
limps.     So  strange  is  the  transforming  power  of  patriotic 
ardor,  that  men  shall  almost  covet  disfigurement.  Crowds 
will  give  way  to  hobbling  cripples,  and  uncover  in  the 
presence  of  feebleness  and  helplessness.      And  buoyant 
children  shall  pause  in  their  noisy  games,  and  with  lov- 
ing reverence   honor  them  whose   hands  can  work  no 
more,  and  whose  feet  are  no  longer  able  to  march  except 
upon  that  journey  which  brings  good  men  to  honor  and 
immortality. 

6.  O  mother  of  lost  children  ! .  set  not  in  darkness  nor 
sorrow  whom  a  nation  honors.     O  mourners  of  the  early 
dead  !  they  shall  live  again,  and  live  forever.     Your  s6r- 
rows  are  our  gladness.     The  nation  lives,  because  you 


62  SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE. 

gave  it  men  that  loved  it  better  than  their  own  lives. 
And  when  a  few  more  days  shall  have  cleared  the  perils 
from  around  the  nation's  brow,  and  she  shall  sit  in  un- 
sullied garments  of  liberty,  with  justice  upon  her  fore- 
Ae&d,  love  in  her  eyes,  and  truth  upon  her  lips,  she  shall 
not  forget  those  whose  blood  gave  vital  currents  to  her 
heart,  and  whose  life,  given  to  her,  shall  live  with  her 
life  till  time  shall  be  no  more. 

7.  Every  mountain  and  hill  shall  have  its  treasured 
name,  every  river  shall  keep  some  solemn  title,  every 
valley  and  every  lake  shall  cherish  its  honored  register ; 
and  till  the  mountains  are  worn  out.  and  the  rivers  forget 
to  flow,  till  the  clouds  are  weary  of  replenishing  springs, 
and  the  springs  forget  to  gush,  and  the  rills  to  king,  shall 
their  names  be  kept  fresh  with  reverent  honors,  which 
are  inscribed  upon  the  book  of  National  Eemembrance ! 

H.  W.  BEECHEK. 
DARKNESS. 

1.   I  had  a  dream,  which  was  not  all  a  dream. 
The  bright  sun  was  extinguished,  and  the  stars 
Did  wander,  darkling,  in  the  eternal  space, 
Rayless  and  pathless,  and  the  icy  earth 
Swung  blind  and  blackening  in  the  moonless  air. 
Morn  came,  and  went — and  came,  and  brought  no  day, 
And  men  forgot  their  passions,  in  the  dread 
Of  this  their  desolation ;  and  all  hearts 
Were  chilled  into  a  selfish  prayer  for  light. 
And  they  did  live  by  watch-fires ;  and  the  thrones, 
The  palaces  of  crowned  kings,  th.*  huts, 
The  habitations  of  all  things  which  dwell, 
Were  burnt  for  beacons :  cities  were  consumed, 
And  men  were  gathered  round  their  blazing  homes, 
To  look  once  more  into  each  other's  face. 
Happy  were  those  who  dwelt  within  the  eye 
Of  the  volcanoes  and  their  mountain  torch. 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  63 

2.  A  fearful  hope  was  all  the  world  contained : 
Forests  were  set  on  fire ;  but  hour  by  hour, 
They  fell  and  faded;  and  the  crackling  trunks 
Extinguished  with  a  crash — and  all  was  black. 
The  brows  of  men,  by  their  despairing  light, 
Wore  an  unearthly  aspect,  as,  by  fits, 

The  flashes  fell  upon  them.     Some  lay  down, 

And  hid  their  eyes,  and  wept;  and  some  did  rest 

Their  chins  upon  their  clenched  hands,  and  smiled ; 

And  others  hurried  to  and  fro,  and  fed 

Their  funeral  piles  with  fuel,  and  looked  up, 

With  mad  disquietude,  on  the  dull  sky, 

The  pall  of  a  past  world  ;  and  then  again 

With  curses,  cast  them  down  upon  the  dust, 

And  gnashed  their  teeth,  and  howled.     The  wild  birds 

shrieked, 

And,  terrified,  did  flutter  on  the  ground, 
And  flap  their  useless  wings :  the  wildest  brutes 
Came  tame  and  tremulous ;  and  vipers  crawled 
And  twined  themselves  among  the  multitude, 
Hissing,  but  stingless — they  were  slain  for  food. 

3.  And  War,  which  for  a  moment  was  no  more, 
Did  glut  himself  again : — a  meal  was  bought 

•    With  blood,  and  each  sat  sullenly  apart, 
Gorging  himself  in  gloom;  no  love  was  left; 
All  earth  was  but  one  thought — and  that  was  death, 
Immediate  and  inglorious ;  and  the  pang 
Of  famine  fed  upon  all  entrails.     Men 
Died ;  and  their  bones  were  toinbless  as  their  flesh. 
The  meager  by  the  meager  were  devoured. 
Even  dogs  assailed  their  masters, — all  save  one, 
And  he  was  faithful  to  a  corpse,  and  kept 
The  birds,  and  beasts,  and  famished  men  at  bay, 
Till  hunger  clung  them  or  the  drooping  dead 
Lured  their  lank  jaws:  himself  sought  out  no  food, 
But  with  a  piteous  and  perpetual  moan, 
And  a  quick,  desolate  cry,  licking  the  hand 
Which  answered  not  with  a  caress — he  died. 


64  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

4.  The  crowd  was  famished  by  degrees.     But  two 
Of  an  enormous  city  did  survive, 

And  they  were  enemies.     They  met  beside 

The  dying  embers  of  an  altar-place, 

Where  had  been  heaped  a  mass  of  holy  things 

For  an  unholy  usage.     They  raked  up, 

And,  shivering,  scraped  with  their  cold  skeleton  hands, 

The  feeble  ashes,  and  their  feeble  breath 

Blew  for  a  little  life,  and  made  a  flame, 

Which  was  a  mockery.     Then  they  lifted 

Their  eyes  as  it  grew  lighter,  and  beheld 

Each  other's  aspects — saw,  and  shrieked,  and  died ; 

Even  of  their  mutual  hideousness  they  died, 

Unknowing  who  he  was  upon  whose  brow 

Famine  had  written  Fiend. 

* 

5.  The  world  was  void : 
The  populous  and  the  powerful  was  a  lump, 
Seasonless,  fterbless,  treeless,  manless,  lifeless ; 
A  lump  of  death,  a  chaos  of  hard  clay. 

The  rivers,  lakes,  and  ocean  all  stood  still, 

And  nothing  stirred  within  their  silent  depths. 

Ships,  sailorless,  lay  rotting  on  the  sea, 

And  their  masts  fell  down  piecemeal :  as  they  dropped 

They  slept  on  the  abyss,  without  a  surge, — 

The  waves  were  dead  ;  the  tides  were  in  their  grave; 

The  moon,  their  mistress,  had  expired  before ; 

The  winds  were  withered  in  the  stagnant  air, 

And  the  clouds  perished :  Darkness  had  no  need 

Of  aid  from  them— she  was  the  universe. 

LORD  BYRON. 

A  CURTAIN  LECTURE  OF  MRS.  CAUDLE. 

Bali !  that's  the  third  umbrella  gone  since  Christmas. 
What  were  you  to  do  ?  Why,  let  him  go  home  in  the 
rain,  to  be  sure.  I'm  very  certain  there  was  nothing 
about  him  that  could  spoil. — Take  cold,  indeed !  He 
doesn't  look  like  one  of  the  sort  to  take  cold.  Besides  he'd 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  65 

have  better  taken  cold  than  taken  our  umbrella. — Do  you 
hear  the  rain,  Mr.  Caudle  ?  I  say,  do  you  hear  the  rain  ? 
And,  as  I'm  alive,  if  it  isn't  St.  Swithin's  day  !  Do  you 
hear  it  against  the  windows  ?  Nonsense !  you  don't  im_ 
pose  upon  me ;  you  can't  be  asleep  with  such  a  shower 
as  that!  Do  you  hear  it,  I  say?  Oh!  you  DO  hear 
it !  Well,  that's  a  pretty  flood,  I  think,  to  last  for  six 
weeks ;  and  no  stirring  all  the  time  out  of  the  house. 

2.  Pooh !  don't  think  me  a  fool,  Mr.  Caudle  ;  don't  in- 
sult me  ;  he  return  the  umbrella  !    Anybody  would  think 
you  were  born  yesterday.    As  if  anybody  ever  did  return 
an  umbrella !    There  :  do  you  hear  it  ?    Worse  and  worse. 
Cats  and  dogs,  and  for  six  weeks :  always  six  weeks ;  and 
no  umbrella ! — I  should  like  to  know  how  the  children 
are  to  go  to  school  to-morrow !     They  shan't  go  through 
such  weather ;  I  am  determined.     No ;  they  shall  stop  at 
home  and  never  learn  any  thing  (the  blessed  creatures !) 
sooner  than  go  and  get  wet !     And  when  they  grow  up,  I 
wonder  who  they'll  have  to  thank  for  knowing  nothing: 
who,  indeed,  but  their  father.     People  who  can't  feel  for 
their  own  children  ought  never  to  be  fathers. 

3.  But  I  know  why  you  lent  the  umbrella  :  oh !  yes,  I 
know  very  well.     I  was  going  out  to  tea  at  dear  mother's 
to-morrow :  you  knew  that,  and  you  did  it  on  purpose. 
Don't  tell  me ;  you  hate  to  have  me  go  there,  and  take 
every  mean  advantage  to  hinder  me.      But  don't  you 
think  it,  Mr.  Caudle  ;  no,  sir :  if  it  comes  down  in  bucket- 
fulls,  I'll  go  all  the  more.     No  ;  and  I  won't  have  a  cab  ! 
Where  do  you  think  the  money's  to  come  from  ?    You've 
got  nice  high  notions  at  that  club  of  yours  !     A  cab,  in- 
deed !      Cost  me  sixteen  pence,  at  least.     Sixteen  pence ! 
two-and-eight  pence;  for  there's  back  again.     Cabs,  in- 
deed !    I  should  like  to  know  who's  to  pay  for  'em  ;  for 


6f)  SELECTIONS   FOB   PRACTICE. 

I'm  sure  you  can't,  if  you  go  on  as  you  do,  throwing 
away  your  property,  and  beggaring  your  children,  buy- 
ing umbrellas ! 

4.  Do  you  hear  the  rain,  Mr.  Caudle  ?     I  say,  do  you 
hear  it  ?    But  I  don't  care — I'll  go  to  mother's  to-morrow 
— I  will ;  and  what's  more,  I'll  walk  every  step  of  the 
way ;  and  you  know  that  will  give  me  my  death.     Don't 
call  me  a  foolish  woman ;  it's  you  that's  the  foolish  man. 
You  know  I  can't  wear  clogs ;   and  with  no  umbrella, 
the  wet's  sure  to  give  me  a  cold :  it  always  does ;  but 
what  do  you  care  for  that  ?     Nothing  at  all.     I  may  be 
laid  up,  for  what  you  care,  as  I  dare  say  I  shall ;  and  a 
pretty  doctor's  bill  there'll  be.    I  hope  there  will.    It  will 
teach  you  to  lend  your  umbrellas  again.    I  shouldn't  won- 
der if  I  caught  my  death  :  yes,  and  that's  what  you  lent 
the  umbrella  for.     Of  course  ! 

5.  Nice  clothes  I  get,  too,  traipsing  through  weather 
like  this.     My  gown  and  bonnet  will  be  spoiled  quite. 
Needn't  I  wear  'em,  then  ?     Indeed,  Mr.  Caudle,  I  shall 
wear  'em.     No,  sir ;  I'm  not  going  out  a  dowdy,  to  please 
you,  or  anybody  else.    Gracious  knows !  it  isn't  of  fen  that 
I  step  over  the  threshold : — indeed,  I  might  as  well  be  a 
slave  at  once :  better,  I  should  say ;  but  when  I  do  go  out, 
Mr.  Caudle,  I  choose  to  go  as  a  lady. 

6.  Oh !  that  rain — if  it  isn't  enough  to  break  in  the 
windows.   Ugh  !  I  look  forward  with  dread  for  to-morrow ! 
How  am  I  to  go  to  mother's,  I'm  sure  I  can't  tell ;  but  if 
I  die,  I'll  do  it. — No,  sir ;  I  won't  borrow  an  umbrella : 
no ;  and  you  shan't  buy  one.     Mr.  Caudle,  if  you  bring 
home  another  umbrella,  I'll  throw  it  into  the  street.  Ha  ! 
And  it  was  only  last, week  I  had  a  new  nozzle  put  to  that 
umbrella.     I'm  sure  if  I'd  have  known  as  much  as  I  do 
now,  it  might  have  gone  without  one.     Paying  for  new 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  67 

nozzles  for  other  people  to  laugh  at  you  !  Oh !  it's  all  very 
well  for  you ;  you  can  go  to  sleep.  You've  no  thought 
of  your  poor  patient  wife,  and  your  own  dear  children ; 
you  think  of  nothing  but  lending  umbrellas !  Men,  in- 
deed ! — call  themselves  lords  of  the  creation  !  pretty  lords, 
when  they  can't  even  take  care  of  an  umbrella ! 

7.  I  know  that  walk  to-morrow  will  be  the  death  of  me. 
But  that's  what  you  want :  then  you  may  go  to  your  club, 
and  do  as  you  like ;  and  then  nicely  my  poor  dear  chil- 
dren will  be  used ;  but  then,  sir,  then  you'll  be  happy.  Oh  ! 
don't  tell  me !     I  know  you  will :  else  you'd  never  have 
lent  the  umbrella ! — You  have  to  go  on  Thursday  about 
that  summons ;  and,  of  course,  you  can't  go.  No,  indeed  : 
you  don't  go  without  the  umbrella.     You  may  lose  the 
debt,  for  what  I  care — it  won't  be  so  much  as  spoiling 
your  clothes — better  lose  it :  people  deserve  to  lose  debts 
who  lend  umbrellas ! 

8.  And  I  should  like  to  know  how  I'm  to  go  to  mother's 
without  the  umbrella.     Oh  !  don't  tell  me  that  I  said  I 
would  go  ;  that's  nothing  to  do  with  it, — nothing  at  all. 
She'll  think  I'm  neglecting  her;  and  the   little  money 
we're  to  have,  we  shan't  have  at  all ; — because  we've  no 
umbrella. — The  children,  too !  (dear  things  !)  they'll  be 
sopping  wet :  for  they  shan't  stay  at  home ;  they  shan't 
lose  their  learning ;  it's  all  their  father  will  leave  them, 
I'm  sure !     But  they  shall  go  to  school.     Don't  tell  me 
they  shouldn't  (you  are  so  aggravating,  Caudle,  you'd  spoil 
the  temper  of  an  angel !) ;  they  shall  go  to  school :  mark 
that !  and  if  they  get  their  deaths  of  cold,  it's  not  my 
fault ;  I  DIDN'T  LEND  THE  UMBRELLA.  JEEEOLD. 

IMMORTALITY. 

', 

"Man,  thou  shalt  never  die!"     Celestial  voices 
Hymn  it  unto  our  souls :  according  harps. 


68  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

By  angel  fingers  touched,  when  the  mild  stars 

Of  morning  sang  together,  sound  forth  still 

The  s5ng  of  our  great  immortality ! 

Thick-clustering  orbs  on  this  our  fair  domain, 

The  tall,  dark  mountains,  and  the  deep-toned  seas, 

Join  in  this  solemn,  universal  song. 

O  listen,  ye  our  spirits !  drink  it  in 

From  all  the  air!  'Tis  in  the  gentle  moonlight; 

'Tis  floating  'mid  day's  setting  glories ;  night, 

Wrapped  in  her  sable  robe,  with  silent  step 

Comes  to  our  bed,  and  breathes  it  in  our  ears. 

Night  and  the  dawn,  bright  day  and  thoughtful  eve, 

All  time,  all  bounds,  the  limitless  expanse, 

As  one  vast  mystic  instrument,  are  touched 

By  an  unseen,  living  hand,  and  conscious  chords 

Quiver  with  joy  in  this  great  jubilee :  * 

The  dying  hear  it ;  and,  as  sounds  of  earth 

Grow  dull  and  distant,  wake  their  passing  souls 

To  mingle  in  this  heavenly  harmony." 

R.  H.  DANA. 

ADVANTAGES    OF   ADVERSITY. 

1.  From  the  dark  portals  of  the  star-chamber,  and  in  the 
stern  text  of  the  acts  of  uniformity,  the  Pilgrims  re- 
ceived a  commission,  more  efficient  than  any  that  ever 
bore  the  royal  seal.  Their  banishment  to  Holland  was 
fortunate;  the  decline  of  their  little  company  in  the 
strange  land  was  fortunate;  the  difficulties  which  they 
experienced  in  getting  the  royal  consent  to  banish  them- 
selves to  this  wilderness  were  fortunate  ;  all  the  tears  and 
heart-breakings  of  that  memorable  parting  at  Delfthaven 
had  the  happiest  influence  on  the  rising  destinies  of  ISTew 
England.  All  this  purified  the  ranks  of  the  settlers. 
These  rough  touches  of  fortune  brushed  off  the  light,  un- 
certain, selfish  spirits.  They  made  it  a  grave,  solemn, 
self-denying  expedition,  and  required  of  those  who  en- 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  69 

gaged  in  it  to  be  so  too.  They  cast  a  broad  shadow  of 
thought  and  seriousness  over  the  cause  ;  and,  if  this  some- 
times deepened  into  melancholy  and  bitterness,  can  we  find 
no  apology  for  such  a  human  weakness  ? 

2.  It  is  sad,  indeed,  to  reflect  on  the  disasters  which  the 
little  band  of  Pilgrims  encountered ;  sad  to  see  a  portion 
of  them,  the  prey  of  unrelenting  cupidity,  treacherously 
embarked  in  an  unsound,  unseaworthy  ship,  which  they 
are  soon  obliged  to  abandon,  and  crowd  themselves  into 
one  vessel ;  one  hundred  persons,  besides  the  ship's  com- 
pany, in  a  vessel  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  tons.     One  is 
touched  at  the  story  of  the  long,  cold,  and  weary  autum- 
nal passage  ;  of  the  landing  on  the  inhospital  rocks  at  this 
dismal  season  ;  where  they  are  deserted,  before  long,  by 
the  ship  which  had  brought  them,  and  which  seemed  their 
only  hold  upon  the  world  of  fellow-men,  a  prey  to  the 
elements  and  to  want,  and  fearfully  ignorant  of  the  num- 
bers, the  power,  and  the  temper  of  the  savage  tribes  that 
filled  the  unexplored  continent  upon  whose  verge  they 
had  ventured. 

3.  But   all   this  wrought  together  for  good.     These 
trials  of  wandering  and  exile,  of  the  ocean,  the  winter, 
the  wilderness,  and  the  savage  foe,  were  the  final  assur- 
ances of  success.     It  was  these  that  put  far  away  from 
our  fathers'  cause   all  patrician  softness,  all  hereditary 
claims  to  preeminence.     No  effeminate  nobility  crowded 
into  the   dark   and  austere  ranks  of  the  Pilgrims.     No 
Carr  nor  Tillers  would  lead  on  the  ill-provided  band  of 
despised  Puritans.      No    well-endowed   clergy  were  on 
the  alert  to  quit  their  cathedrals,  and  set  up  a  pompous 
hierarchy  in  the  frozen  wilderness.     No  craving  governors 
were  anxious  to  be  sent  over  to  our  cheerless  El  Dorados 
of  ice  and  snow. 


70  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

4.  No ;  they  could  not  say  they  had  encouraged,  patron- 
ized, or  helped  the  Pilgrims :  their  own  cares,  their  own 
labors,  their  own  councils,  their  own  blood,  contrived  all, 
achieved  all,  bore  all,  sealed  all.     They  could  not  after- 
wards fairly  pretend  to  reap  where  they  had  not  strewn ; 
and,  as  our  fathers  reared  this  broad  and  solid  fabric  with 
pains  and  watchf  illness,  unaided,  barely  tolerated,  it  did 
not  fall  when  the  favor,  which  had  always  been  with- 
hold en,  was  changed  into  wrath ;  when  the  arm,  which 
had  never  supported,  was  raised  to  destroy. 

5.  Methinks  I  see  it  now,  that  one  solitary,  adventur- 
ous vessel,  the  Mayflower  of  a  forlorn  hope,  freighted 
with  the  prospects  of  a  future  State,  and  bound  across  the 
unknown  sea.     I  behold  it  pursuing,  with  a  thousand  mis- 
givings, the  uncertain,  the    tedious   voyage.     Suns  rise 
and  set,  and  weeks  and  months  pass,  and  winter  surprises 
them  on  the  deep,  but  brings  them  not  the  sight  of  the 
wished-f  or  shore. 

6.  I  see  them  now  scantily  supplied  with  provisions ; 
crowded  almost  to  suffocation  in  their  ill-stored  prison  ; 
delayed  by  calms,  pursuing  a  circuitous  route — arid  now 
driven  in  fury  before  the  raging  tempest,  on  the  high 
and  giddy  waves.     The  awful  voice  of  the  storm  howls 
through  the  rigging.     The  laboring  masts  seem  straining 
from  their  base  ;   the    dismal   sound  of  the  pumps    is 
heard  ;  the  ship  leaps,  as  it  were,  madly,  from  billow  to 
billow ;  the  ocean  breaks  and  settles  with  ingulfing  floods 
over  the  floating  deck,  and  beats,  with  deadening,  shiver- 
ing weight,  against  the  staggered  vessel. 

7.  I  see  them,  escaped  from  these  perils,  pursuing  their 
all  but  desperate  undertaking,  and  landed  at  last,  after  a 
five  months'  passage,  on  the  ice-clad  rocks  of  Plymouth — 
weak  and  weary  from  the  voyage,  poorly  armed,  scantily 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  71 

provisioned,  depending  on  the  charity  of  their  shipmaster 
for  a  draught  of  beer  on  board,  drinking  nothing  but 
water  on  shore — without  shelter,  without  means — sur- 
rounded by  hostile  tribes. 

8.  Shut  now  the  volume  of  history,  and  tell  me,  on  any 
principle  of  human  probability,  what  shall  be  the  fate  of 
this  handful  of   adventurers.     Tell  me,  man  of  military 
science,  in  how  many  months  were  they  all  swept  off  by 
the  thirty  savage  tribes,  enumerated  within  the  early  limits 
of  New  England  ?     Tell  me,  politician,  how  long  did  this 
shadow  of  a  colony,  on  which  your  conventions  and  trea- 
ties had  not  smiled,  languish  on  the  distant  coast  ?     Stu- 
dent of  history,  compare  for  me  the  baffled  projects,  the 
deserted  settlements,  the  abandoned  adventures  of  other 
times,  and  find  the  parallel  of  this. 

9.  Was  it  the  winter's  storm,  beating  upon  the  house- 
less heads  of  women  and  children  ;  was  it  hard  labor  and 
spare  meals ;  was  it  disease ;  was  it  the  tomahawk ;  was 
it  the  deep  malady  of  a  blighted  hope,  a  ruined  enterprise, 
and  a  broken  heart,  aching  in  its  last  moments  at  the  recol- 
lection of  the  loved  and  left  beyond  the  sea — was  it  some, 
or  all  of  these  united,  that  hurried  this  forsaken  company 
to  their  melancholy  fate ;  and  is  it  possible  that  neither 
of  these  causes,  that  not  all  combined  were  able  to  blast 
this  bud  of  hope  ?     Is  it  possible,  that,  from  a  beginning 
so  feeble,  so  frail,  so  worthy,  not  so  much  of  admiration 
as  of  pity,  there   has  gone  forth  a  progress  so  steady,  a 
growth  so  wonderful,  an  expansion  so  ample,  a  reality  so 
important,  a  promise,  yet  to  be  fulfilled,  so  glorious  \ 

EDWARD  EVERETT. 

MOKNINGK 

Sweet  is  the  breath  of  Morn,  her  rising  sweet, 
With  charm  of  earliest  birds ;  pleasant  the  sun, 


72  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

When  first  on  this  delightful  land  he  spreads 
His  orient  beams,  on  fterb,  tree,  fruit,  and  flower, 
Glistening  with  dew ;  fragrant  the  fertile  earth 
After  soft  showers ;  and  sweet  the  coming  on 
Of  grateful  evening  mild :  then  silent  Mght, 
With  this  her  solemn  bird,  and  this  fair  moon, 
And  these  the  gems  of  heaven,  her  starry  train. 

MILTON. 

THE  DILEMMA. SCENE  FROM  PICKWICK. 

Mr.  Pickwick's  apartments  in  Goswell  street,  although 
on  a  limited  scale,  were  not  only  of  a  very  neat  and  com- 
fortable description,  but  peculiarly  adapted  for  the  resi- 
dence of  a  man  of  his  genius  and  observation.  His  sit- 
ting-room was  the  first  floor  front,  his  bed-room  was  the 
second  floor  front ;  and  thus,  whether  he  was  sitting  at 
his  desk  in  the  parlor,  or  standing  before  the  dressing- 
glass  in  his  dormitory,  he  had  an  equal  opportunity  of 
contemplating  human  nature  in  all  the  numerous  phases 
it  exhibits,  in  that  not  more  populous  than  popular  thor- 
oughfare. 

2.  His  landlady,  Mrs.  Bardell — the  relict  and  sole  ex- 
ecutrix of  a  deceased  custom-house  officer — was  a  comely 
(kum/ly)  woman  of  bustling  manners  and  agreeable  ap- 
pearance, with  a  natural  genius  for  cooking,  improved  by 
study  and  long  practice  into  an  ex'quisite  talent.  There 
were  no  children,  no  servants,  no  fowls.  The  only  other 
inmates  of  the  house  were  a  large  man  and  a  small  boy ; 
the  first  a  lodger,  the  second  a  production  of  Mrs.  Bar- 
dell's.  The  large  man  was  always  at  home  precisely  at 
ten  o'clock  at  night,  at  which  hour  he  regularly  con- 
densed himself  into  the  limits  of  a  dwarfish  French  bed- 
stead in  the  back  parlor;  and  the  infantine  sports  and 
gymnastic  exercises  of  Master  Bardell  were  exclusively 


SELECTIONS  FOE  PRACTICE.  73 

confined  to  the  neighboring  pavements  and  gutters. 
Cleanliness  and  quiet  reigned  throughout  the  house ;  and 
in  it  Mr.  Pickwick's  will  was  law. 

3.  To  any  one  acquainted  with  these  points  of  the  do- 
mestic  economy  of  the  establishment,  and   con'versant 
with  the  admirable  regulation  of  Mr.  Pickwick's  mind, 
his  appearance  and  behavior,  on  the  morning  previous  to 
that  which  had  been  fixed  upon  for  the  journey  to  Eatans- 
vill,  would  have  been  most  mysterious  and  unaccount- 
able,    lie  paced  the  room  to  and  fro  with  hurried  steps, 
popped  his  hoad  out  of  the  window  at  intervals  of  about 
three  minutes  each,  constantly  referred  to  his  watch,  and 
exhibited  many  other  manifestations  of  impatience,  very 
unusual  with  him.     It  was  evident  that  something  of 
great  importance  was  in  contemplation;  but  what  that 
something  was,  not  even  Mrs.  Bardell  herself  had  been 
enabled  to  discover. 

4.  "  Mrs.  Bardell,"  said  Mr.  Pickwick,  at  last,  as  that 
amiable  female  approached  the  termination  of  a  prolong- 
ed dusting  of  the  apartment.     "  Sir,"  said  Mrs.  Bardell. 
"  Your  little  boy  is  a  very  long  time  gone."     "  Why,  it's 
a  good  long  way  to  the  Borough,  sir,"  remonstrated  Mrs. 
Bardell.     "  Ah,"  said  Mr.  Pickwick,  "  very  true ;   so  it 
is."     Mr.  Pickwick  relapsed  into  silence,  and  Mrs.  Bar- 
dell resumed  her  dusting. 

5.  "  Mrs.  Bardell,"  said  Mr.  Pickwick,  at  the  expiration 
of  a  few  minutes.    "  Sir,"  said  Mrs.  Bardell  again.    "  Do 
you  think  it's  a  much  greater  expense  to  keep  two  people, 
than  to  keep  one  ?"     "  La,  Mr.  Pickwick,"  said  Mrs.  Bar- 
dell, coloring  up  to  the  very  border  of  her  cap,  as  she  fan- 
cied she  observed  a  species  of  matrimonial  twinkle  in  the 
eyes  of  her  lodger ;  "  La,  Mr.  Pickwick,  what  a  question  !" 
"  Well,  but  do  you  ?"  inquired  Mr.  Pickwick.    "  That  de- 

4 


74  SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE. 

pends,"  said  Mrs.  Bardell,  approaching  the  duster  very 
near  to  Mr.  Pickwick's  elbow,  which  was  planted  on  the 
table ;  "  that  depends  a  good  deal  upon  the  person,  you 
know,  Mr.  Pickwick  ;  and  whether  it's  a  saving  and  care- 
ful person,  sir."  "  That's  very  true,;>  said  Mr.  Pickwick  ; 
"  but  the  person  I  have  in  my  eye  (hero  he  looked  very 
hard  at  Mrs.  Bardell)  I  think  possesses  these  qualities ; 
and  has,  moreover,  a  considerable  knowledge  of  the 
world,  and  a  great  deal  of  sharpness,  Mrs.  Bardell ;  which 
may  be  of  material  use  to  me." 

6.  "  La,  Mr.  Pickwick,"  said  Mrs.  Bardell ;  the  crim- 
son rising  to  her  cap-border  again.     "  I  do,"  said  Mr. 
Pickwick  growing  energetic,  as  was  his  wont  (wunt)  in 
speaking  of  a  subject  which  interested  him.  * "  I  do,  in- 
deed; and  to  tell  you  the  truth,  Mrs.  Bardell,  I  have 
made  up  my  mind."     "  Dear  me,  sir,"  exclaimed  Mrs. 
Bardell.     "  You'll  think  it  not  very  strange  now,"  said 
the  amiable  Mr.  Pickwick,  with  a  good-humored  glance 
at  his  companion,  "  that  I  never  consulted  you  about  this 
matter,  and  never  mentioned  it,  till  I  sent  your  little  boy 
out  this  morning — eh  ?" 

7.  Mrs.  Bardell  could  only  reply  by  a  look.     She  had 
long  worshipped  Mr.  Pickwick  at  a  distance,  but  here  she 
was,  all  at  once,  raised  to  a  pinnacle  to  which  her  wildest 
and  most  extravagant  hopes  had  never  dared  to  aspire. 
Mr.  Pickwick  was  going  to  propose — a  deliberate  plan, 
too — sent  her  little  boy  to  the  Borough,  to  get  him  out 
of  the  way — how  thoughtful — how  considerate ! — "  Well," 
said  Mr.  Pickwick,  "  what  do  you  think  ?"     "  Oh,  Mr. 
Pickwick,"  said  Mrs.  Bardell,  trembling  with  agitation, 
"  you're  very  kind,  sir,"     "  It  will  save  you  a  great  deal 
of  trouble,  won't  it  ?"  said  Mr.  Pickwick.     "  Oh,  I  never 
thought  anything  of  the  trouble,  sir,"  replied  Mrs.  Bar- 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  75 

dell ;  "  and  of  course,  I  should  take  more  trouble  to  please 
you  than  ever ;  but  it  is  so  kind  of  you,  Mr.  Pickwick, 
to  have  so  much  consideration  for  my  loneliness." 

8.  "Ah,  to  be  sure,"  said  Mr.  Pickwick;  "I  never 
thought  of  that.     When  I  .am  in  town,  you'll   always 
have  somebody  to  sit  with  you.     To  be  sure,  so  you  will." 
"  I  am  sure  I  ought  to  be  a  very  happy  woman,"  said 
Mrs.  Bardell.     "  And  your  little  boy — "  said  Mr.  Pick- 
wick.    "  Bless  his  heart,"  interposed  Mrs.  Bardell,  with 
a  maternal  sob.     "  He,  too,  will  have  a  companion,"  re- 
sumed Mr.  Pickwick,  "  a  lively  one,  who'll  teach  him, 
I'll  be  bound,  more  tricks  in  a  week,  than  he  would  ever 
learn  in  a  year."     And  Mr.  Pickwick  smiled  placidly. 

9.  "  Oh  you  dear — "  said  Mrs.  Bardell.    Mr.  Pickwick 
started.     "  Oh  you  kind,  good,  playful  dear,"  said  Mrs. 
Bardell ;  and  without  more  ado,  she  rose  from  her  chair, 
and  flung  her  arms  round  Mr.  Pickwick's  neck,  with  a 
cataract  of  tears,  and  a  chorus  of  sobs.     "  Bless  my  soul," 
cried  the  astonished  Mr.  Pickwick  ; — "  Mrs.  Bardell,  my 
good  woman — dear  me,  what  a  situation — pray  consider. 
Mrs.  Bardell,  don't — if  anybody  should  come — "     "  Oh, 
let  them  come,"  exclaimed  Mrs.  Bardell,  frantically ;  "  I'll 
never  leave  you — dear,  kind,  good  soul ;"  and,  with  these 
words,  Mrs.  Bardell  clung  the  tighter. 

10.  "  Mercy  upon  me,"  said  Mr.  Pickwick,  struggling 
violently,  "  I  hear  somebody  coming  up  the  stairs.    Don't, 
don't,  there's  a  good  creature,  don't."     But  entreaty  and 
remonstrance   were   alike   unavailing:  for  Mrs.  Bardell 
had  fainted  in  Mr.  Pickwick's  arms  ;  and  before  he  could 
gain  time  to  deposit  her  on  a  chair,  Master  Bardell  en- 
tered the  room,  ushering  in  Mr.  Tupman,  Mr.  Winkle, 
and  Mr.  Snodgrass.     Mr.  Pickwick  was  struck  motion- 
less and  speechless.     He  stood  with  his  lovely  burden  in 


76  SELECTIONS   FOB   PRACTICE. 

0 

his  arms,  gazing  vacantly  on  the  countenances  of  his 
friends,  without  the  slightest  attempt  at  recognition  or 
explanation.  They,  in  their  turn,  stared  at  him;  and 
Master  Bardell,  in  his  turn,  stared  at  everybody. 

11.  The  astonishment  of  the  Pickwickians  was  so  ab- 
sorbing, and  the  perplexity  of  Mr.  Pickwick  was  so  ex- 
treme, that  they  might  have  remained  in  exactly  the  same 
relative  situation  until  the  suspended  animation  of  the 
lady  was  restored,  had  it  not  been  for  a  most  beautiful 
and  touching  expression  of  filial  affection  on  the  part  of 
her  youthful  son.     Clad  in  a  tight  suit  of  corduroy,  span- 
gled with  brass  buttons  of  a  very  considerable  size,  he  at 
first  stood  at  the  door  astounded  and  uncertain ;  but  by 
degrees,  the  impression  that  his  mother  must  have  suffer- 
ed some  personal  damage,  pervaded  his  partially  devel- 
oped mind,  and  considering  Mr.  Pickwick  the  aggressor, 
he  set  up  an  appalling  and  semi-earthly  kind  of  howling, 
and  butting  forward,  with  his  head,  commenced  assailing 
that  immortal  gentleman  about  the  back  and  legs,  with 
such  blows  and  pinches  as  the  strength  of  his  arm  and 
the  violence  of  his  excitement  allowed. 

12.  "  Take  this  little  villain  away,"  said  the  agonized 
Mr.  Pickwick,  "he's  mad."     "What   is  the   matter?" 
said  the  three  tongue-tied  Pickwickians.  "  I  don't  know," 
replied  Mr.  Pickwick,  pettishly.     "  Take  away  the  boy — 
(here  Mr.  Winkle  carried  the  interesting  boy,  screaming 
and   struggling,  to  the  farther  end  of  the  apartment). 
Now  help  me  to  lead  this  woman  down  stairs."     "  Oh, 
I'm  better  now,"  said  Mrs.  Bardell,  faintly.     "  Let  me 
lead  you  down  stairs,"  said  the  ever  gallant  Mr.  Tup- 
man.     "  Thank  you,  sir — thank  you  ;"  exclaimed  Mrs. 
Bardell,  hysterically.     And  down  stairs  she  was  led  ac- 
cordingly, accompanied  by  her  affectionate  son. 


SELECTIONS   FOR  PRACTICE.  77 

13.  "  I  can  not  conceive  " — said  Mr.  Pickwick,  when 
his  friend  returned — "  I  can  not  conceive  what  has  been 
the  matter  with  that  woman.     I  had  merely  announced 
to  her  my  intention  of  keeping  a  man-servant,  when  she 
fell  into  the  extraordinary  paroxysm  in  which  you  found 
her.     Yery   extraordinary   thing."      "  Very,"    said  his 
three  friends.     "  Placed  me  in  such  an  extremely  awk- 
ward situation,"  continued  Mr.  Pickwick.    "  Very  ;"  was 
the  reply  of  his  followers,  as  they  coughed  slightly,  and 
looked  dubiously  at  each  other. 

14.  This  behavior  was   not  lost  upon  Mr.  Pickwick. 
He  remarked  their  incredulity.    They  evidently  suspected 
him.     "  There  is  a  man  in  the  passage  now,"  said  Mr. 
Tupman.     "  It's  the  man  that  I  spoke  to  you  about," 
said  Mr.  Pickwick,  "  I  sent  for  him  to  the  Borough  this 
morning.     Have  the  goodness  to  call  him  up,  Mr.  Snod- 
grass."  DICKENS. 

DEITY. 

1.  A  million  torches,  lighted  by  Thy  hand, 
Wander  unwearied  through  the  blue  abyss — 
They  own  Thy  power,  accomplish  Thy  command, 
All  gay  with  life,  all  eloquent  with  bliss. 

What  shall  we  call  them?    Piles  of  crystal  light — 
A  glorious  company  of  golden  streams — 
Lamps  of  celestial  ether  burning  bright — 
Suns  lighting  systems  with  their  joyous  beams  ? 
But  Thou  to  these  art  as  the  noon  to  night. 

2.  Y8s !  as  a  drop  of  water  in  the  sea, 

All  this  magnificence  in  Thee  is  lost: — 

What  are  ten  thousand  worlds  compared  to  Thee  ? 

And  what  am  I  then? — Heaven's  unnumbered  host, 

Though  multiplied  by  myriads,  and  arrayed 

In  all  the  glory  of  sublimest  thought, 

Is  but  an  atom  in  the  balance,  weighed 


78  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

Against  Thy  greatness — is  a  cipher  brought 
Against  infinity.'     What  am  I  then?    taught! 

3.  Naught!     But  the  effluence  of  Thy  light  divine, 
Pervading  worlds,  hath  reached  my  bosoni  too ; 
Y8s !  In  my  spirit  doth  Thy  spirit  shine 

As  shines  the  sun-beam  in  a  drop  of  dew. 
Naught !  but  I  live,  and  on  hope's  pinions  fly 
Eager  toward  Thy  presence ;  for  in  Thee 
I  live,  and  breathe,  and  dwell ;  aspiring  high. 

4.  Thou  art ! — directing,  guiding  all — Thou  art ! 
Direct  my  understanding  then  to  Thee ; 
Control  my  spirit,  guide  my  wandering  heart; 
Though  but  an  atom  'midst  immensity, 

Still  I  am  something,  fashioned  by  Thy  hand! 
I  hold  a  middle  rank  'twixt  heaven  and  earth — 
On  the  last  verge  of  mortal  being  stand, 
Close  to  the  realms  where  angels  have  their  birth, 
Just  on  the  boundaries  of  the  spirit-land ! 

5.  The  chain  of  being  is  complete  in  me — 
In  me  is  matter's  last  gradation  lost, 
And  the  next  step  is  spirit — Deity! 

I  can  command  the  lightning,  and  am  dust! 
A  monarch  and  a  slave — a  worm,  a  god! 
Whence  came  I  here,  and  how?  so  marvelously 
Constructed  and  conceived  ?  unknown !  this  clod 
Lives  surely  through  some  higher  energy; 
For  from  itself  alone  it  could  not  be ! 

6.  Creator,  y&s !     Thy  wisdom  and  Thy  word 
Created  me !     Thou  source  of  life  and  good ! 
Thou  spirit  of  my  spirit,  and  my  Lord ! 

Thy  light,  Thy  love,  in  their  bright  plenitude 
Filled  me  with  an  immortal  soul,  to  spring 
Over  the  abyss  of  death;  and  bade  it  wear 
The  garments  of  eternal  day,  and  wing 
Its  heavenly  flight  beyond  this  little  sphere, 
Even  to  its  source — to  Thee — its  Author  there. 


SELECTIONS   FOU    PRACTICE.  79 

7.  O  thoughts  ineffable!  O  visions  blest! 

Though  worthless  our  conceptions  all  of  Thee, 
YSt  shall  Thy  shadowed  image  fill  our  breast, 
And  waft  its  homage  to  Thy  Deity. 
God!  thus  alone  my  lowly  thoughts  can  soar, 
Thus  seek  Thy  presence — Being  wise  and  good! 
'Midst  Thy  vast  works  admire,  obey,  More ; 
And  when  the  tongue  is  eloquent  no  more 
The  soul  shall  speak  in  tears  of  gratitude. 

DERZHAVEN. 


THE  DEATH  OF   HAMILTON. 

A  short  time  since,  and  he,  who  is  the  occasion  of  our 
sorrows,  was  the  ornament  of  his  country.  He  stood  on 
an  eminence,  and  glory  covered  him.  From  that  emi- 
nence he  has  fallen :  suddenly,  forever  fallen.  His  inter- 
course with  the  living  world  is  now  ended ;  and  those  who 
would  hereafter  find  him,  must  seek  him  in  the  grave. 
There,  cold  and  lifeless,  is  the  heart  which  just  now  was 
the  seat  of  friendship ;  there,  dim  and  sightless,  is  the  eye, 
whose  radiant  and  enlivening  orb  beamed  with  intelli- 
gence ;  and  there,  closed  forever,  are  those  lips,  on  whose 
persuasive  accents  we  have  so  often,  and  so  lately  hung 
with  transport ! 

2.  From  the  darkness  which  rests  upon  his  tomb  there 
proceeds,  methinks,  a  light,  in  which  it  is  clearly  seen, 
that  those  gaudy  objects  which   men  pursue   are   only 
phantoms.     In  this  light  how  dimly  shines  the  splendor 
of  victory — how  humble  appears  the  majesty  of  grandeur ! 
The  bubble,  which  seemed  to  have  so  much  solidity,  has 
burst ;  and  we  again  see,  that  all  below  the  sun  is  vanity  ! 

3.  True,  the  funeral  eulogy  has  been  pronounced,  the 
sad  and  solemn  procession  has  moved,  the  badge  of  mourn- 


80  SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE. 

ing  has  already  been  decreed,  and  presently  the  sculptured 
marble  will  lift  up  its  front,  proud  to  perpetuate  the  name 
of  Hamilton,  and  rehearse  to  the  passing  traveler  his 
virtues  (just  tributes  of  respect,  and  to  the  living  useful); 
but  to  him,  moldering  in  his  narrow  and  humble  habita- 
tion, what  are  they  ?  How  vain !  how  unavailing ! 

4.  Approach,  and  behold,  while  I  lift  from  his  sepulchre 
its  covering !     Ye  admirers  of  his  greatness  !  ye  emulous 
of  his  talents  and  his  fame !  approach  and  behold  him 
now.     How  pale !  how  silent !     No  martial  bands  admire 
the  adroitness  of  his  movements ;  no  fascinating  throng 
weep,  and  melt,  and  tremble  at  his  eloquence  !    Amazing 
change !  a  shroud !    a  coffin !    a  narrow,    subterraneous 
cabin  ! — this,  is  all  that  now  remains  of  Hamilton  !     And 
is  this  all  that  remains  of  Hamilton  ?     During  a  life  so 
transitory,  what  lasting  monument,  then,  can  our  fondest 
hopes  erect ! 

5.  My  brethren,  we  stand  on  the  borders  of  an  awful 
gulf,  which  is  swallowing  up  all  things  human.     And  is 
there,  amidst  this  universal  wreck,  nothing  stable,  nothing 
abiding,  nothing  immortal,  on  which  poor,  frail,  dying 
man  can  fasten  ?     Ask  the  hero,  ask  the  statesman,  whose 
wisdom  you  have  been  accustomed  to  revere,  and  he  will 
tell  you:     He  will  tell  you,  did  I  say  ?     He  has  already 
told  you,  from  his  death-bed;  and  his  illumined  spirit 
still  whispers  from  the  heavens,with  well-known  eloquence, 
the  solemn  admonition :  "  Mortals  hastening  to  the  tomb, 
and  once  the  companions  of  my  pilgrimage,  take  warning 
and  avoid  my  errors ;  cultivate  the  virtues  I  have  recom- 
mended ;  choose  the  Saviour  I  have  chosen ;  live  disin- 
terestedly ;  live  for  immortality ;  and  would  you  rescue 
any  thing  from  final  dissolution,  lay  it  up  in  God." 

JSTOTT. 


SELECTIONS   FOB  PRACTICE.  81 


THE  STARS. 

ROLL  on,  ye  stars ;  exult  in  youthful  prime ; 
Mark  with  bright  curves  the  printless  steps  of  Time ; 
Near  and  more  near  your  beamy  cars  approach, 
And  lessening  orbs  on  lessening  orbs  encroach. 
Flowers  of  the  sky,  ye,  too,  to  age  must  yield, 
Frail  as  your  silken  sisters  of  the  field. 

Star  after  star  from  heaven's  high  arch  shall  rush, 
Suns  sink  on  suns,  and  systems  systems  crush, 
Headlong,  extinct,  to  one  dark  centre  fall, 
And  death,  and  night,  and  chaos  mingle  all; 
Till  o'er  the  wreck,  emerging  from  the  storm, 
Immortal  Nature  lifts  her  changeful  form, 
Mounts  from  her  funeral  pyre,  on  wings  of  flame, 
And  soars  and  shines,  another  and  the  same. 

DARWIN. 


PUBLIC  VIRTUE. 

1.  I  hope,  that  in  all  that  relates  to  personal  firmness,  all 
that  concerns  a  just  appreciation  of  the  insignificance  of 
human  life, — whatever  may  be  attempted  to  threaten  or 
alarm  a  soul  not  easily  swayed  by  opposition,  or  awed  or 
intimidated  by  menace, — a  stout  heart  a*nd  a  steady  eye, 
that  can  survey7,  unmoved  and  undaunted,  any  mere  per- 
sonal perils  that  assail  this  poor,  transient,  perishing  frame, 

—I   may,  without   disparagement,  compare  with   other 
men. 

2.  But  there  is  a  sort  of  coiirage,  which,  I  frankly  con- 
fess it,  I  do  not  possess, — a  boldness  to  which  I  dare  not 
aspire,  a  valor  which  I  can  not  covet.     I  can  not  lay  my- 
self down  in  the  way  of  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  my 
country.     That  I  can  not,  I  have  not  the  courage  to  do. 


82  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

I  can  not  interpose  the  power  with  which  I  may  be  in- 
vested— a  power  conferred,  not  for  my  personal  benefit, 
nor  for  my  aggrandizement,  but  for  my  country's  good — 
to  check  her  onward  march  to  greatness  and  glory.  I 
have  not  courage  enough.  I  am  too  cowardly  for  that. 

3.  I  would  not,  I  dare  not,  in  the  exercise  of  such  a 
trust,  lie  down,  and  place  my  body  across  the  path  that 
leads  my  country  to  prosperity  and  happiness.     This  is  a 
sort  of  courage  widely  different  from  that  which  a  man 
may  display  in  his  private  conduct  and  personal  relations. 
Personal  or  private  courage  is  totally  distinct  from  that 
higher  and  nobler  courage  which  prompts  the  patriot  to 
offer  himself  a  voluntary  sacrifice  to  his  country's  good. 

4.  Apprehensions  of  the  imputation  of  the*  want  of 
firmness  sometimes  impel  us  to  perform  rash  and  incon- 
siderate acts.   It  is  the  greatest  courage  to  be  able  to  bear 
the  imputation  of  the  want  of  courage.   But  pride,  vanity, 
egotism,  so  unamiable  and  offensive  in  private  life,  are 
vices  which  partake  of  the  character  of  crimes,  in  the  con- 
duct of  public  affairs.     The  unfortunate  victim  of  these 
passions  can  not  see  beyond  the  little,  petty,  contemptible 
circle  of  his  own  personal  interests.     All  his  thoughts  are 
withdrawn  from   his  country,  and  concentrated  on  his 
consistency,  his  firmness,  himself. 

5.  The  high,  the  exalted,  the  sublime  emotions  of  a 
patriotism,  which,  soaring  toward  heaven,  rises  far  above 
all  mean,  low,  or  selfish  things,  and  is  absorbed  by  one 
soul-transporting  thought  of  the  good  and  the  glory  of  one's 
country,  are  never  felt  in  his  impenetrable  bosom.     That 
patriotism,  which,  catching  its  inspirations  from  the  im- 
mortal God,  and  leaving  at  an  immeasurable  distance  be- 
low all  lesser,  groveling,  personal  interests  and  feelings, 
animates  and  prompts  to  deeds  of  self-sacrifice,  of  valor, 


SELECTIONS  FOR   PRACTICE. 


83 


of  devotion,  and  of  death  itself, — that  is  public  virtue ; 
that  is  the  noblest,  the  sublhnest,  of  all  public  virtues. 

H.  CLAY. 

CRITICISM. 

WHOEVER  thinks  a  faultless  piece  to  see 

Thinks  what  ne'er  was,  nor  is,  nor  e'er  shall  be. 

In  every  work  regard  the  writer's  end, 

Since  none  can  compass  more  than  they  intend  ; 

And,  if  the  means  be  just,  the  conduct  true, 

Applause,  in  spite  of  trivial  faults,  is  due. 

As  men  of  breeding;  sometimes  men  of  wit, 

To  avoid  great  errors  must  the  less  commit ; 

Neglect  the  rules  each  verbal  critic  lays ; 

For  not  to  know  some  trifles,  is  a  praise. 

Most  critics,  fond  of  some  subservient  art, 

Still  make  the  whole  depend  upon  a  part: 

They  talk  of  principles,  but  notions  prize ; 

And  all  to  one  loved  folly  sacrifice.  POPE. 

THE    REVOLUTIONARY    ALARM. 

DARKNESS  closed  upon  the  country  and  upon  the  town, 
but  it  was  no  night  for  sleep.  Heralds  on  swift  relays  of 
horses  transmitted  the  war-message  from  hand  to  hand, 
till  village  repeated  it  to  village ;  the  sea  to  the  back- 
woods; the  plains  to  the  highlands;  and  it  was  never 
suffered  to  droop  ;  till  it  had  been  borne  North,  and  South, 
and  East,  and  West,  throughout  the  land. 

2.  It  spread  over  the  bays  that  receive  the  Saco  and  the 
Penobscot.  Its  loud  reveille  broke  the  rest  of  the  trap- 
pers of  New  Hampshire,  and  ringing  like  bugle-notes 
from  peak  to  peak,  overleapt  the  Green  Mountains, 
swept  onward  to  Montreal,  and  descended  the  ocean 
river,  till  the  responses  were  echoed  from  the  cliffs  of 
Quebec.  The  hills  along  the  Hudson  told  to  one  another 
the  tale. 


84  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

3.  As  the  summons  hurried  to  the  South,  it  was  one 
day  at  New  York  ;  in  one  more  at  Philadelphia ;  the  next 
it  lighted  a  watchfire  at  Baltimore ;  thence  it  waked  an 
answer  at  Annapolis.     Crossing  the  Potomac  near  Mount 
Yernon,  it  was  sent  forward  without  a  halt  to  Williams- 
burg.     It  traversed  the  Dismal  Swamp  to  Nansemond, 
along  the  route  of  the  first  emigrants  to  North  Carolina. 
It  moved  onwards  and  still  onwards  through  boundless 
groves  of  evergreen  to  Newbern  and  to  Wilmington. 

4.  "  For  God's  sake  forward  it  by  night  and  by  day," 
wrote  Cornelius  Harnett,  by  the  express  which  sped  for 
Brunswick.     Patriots  of  South  Carolina  caught  up  its 
tones  at  the  border  and  despatched  it  to  Charleston,  and 
through  pines  and  palmetos    and.  moss-clad  li«ve   oaks, 
further  to  the  South,  till  it  resounded  among  the  New 
England  settlements  beyond  the  Savannah. 

5.  The  Blue  ridge  took  up  the  voice  and  made  it  heard 
from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  valley  of  Virginia.    The 
Al'leghanies,  as  they  listened,  opened  their  barriers  that 
the  "  loud  call "  might  pass  through  to  the  hardy  riflemen 
on  the  Holston,  the  Watauga,  and  the  French  Broad. 
Ever  renewing  its  strength,  powerful  enough  even  to 
create  a  commonwealth,  it  breathed  its  inspiring  word  to 
the  first  settlers  of  Kentucky ;  so  that  hunters  who  made 
their  halt  in  the  machless  valley  of  the  Elkhorn,  commem- 
orated the  19th  day  of  April,  1776,  by  naming  their  en- 
campment Lexington. 

6.  With  one  impulse  the  colonies  sprung  to  arms ;  with 
one  spirit  they  pledged  themselves  to  each  other  "  to  be 
ready  for  the  extreme  event."     With  one  heart  the  con- 
tinent cried,  "  LIBERTY  OR  DEATH." 

BANCROFT. 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  85 

SHERIDAN'S  RIDE. 

1.  UP  from  the  South  at  break  of  day, 
Bringing  to  Winchester  fresh  dismay, 
The  affrighted  air  with  a  shudder  bore, 

Like  a  herald  in  haste,  to  the  chieftain's  door, 
The  terrible  grumble,  and  rumble,  and  roar, 

*  Telling  the  battle  was  on  once  more, 
And  Sheridan — twenty  miles  away. 

2.  And  wider  still  those  billows  of  war 

0 

Thundered  along  the  hori'zon's  bar, 

And  louder  yet  into  Winchester  rolled 

The  roar  of  that  red  sea  uncontrolled, 

Making  the  blood  of  the  listener  cold 

As  he  thought  of  the  stake  in  that  fiery  fray, 

And  Sheridan — twenty  miles  away. 

3.  •  But  there  is  a  road  from  Winchester  town, 

A  good,  broad  highway  leading  down; 

And  there,  through  the  flush  of  the  morning  light, 

A  steed,  as  black  as  the  steeds  of  night, 

Was  seen  to  pass  as  with  eagle  flight — 

As  if  he  knew  the  terrible  need, 

He  stretched  away  with  the  utmost  speed; 

Hills  rose  and  fell — but  his  heart  was  gay, 

With  Sheridan  fifteen  miles  away. 

4.  Still  sprung  from  these   swift  hoofs,   thundering  South, 
The  dust,  like  the  smoke  from  the  cannon's  mouth, 

Or  the  trail  of  a  comet  sweeping  faster  and  faster, 
Foreboding  to  foemen  the  doom  of  disaster; 
The  heart  of  the  steed  and  the  heart  of  the  master 
Were  beating  like  prisoners  assaulting  their  walls, 
Impatient  to  be  where  the  battle-field  calls  ; 
Every  nerve  of  the  charger  was  strained  to  full  play, 
With  Sheridan  only  ten  miles  away. 

5.  Under  his  spurning  feet,  the  road 

•  Like  an  Arrowy  Al'pine  river  flowed, 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

And  the  landscape  sped  away  behind 

Like  an  ocean  flying  before  the  wind ; 

And  the  steed,  like  a  bark  fed  with  furnace  ire, 

Swept  on  with  his  wild  eyes  full  of  fire. 

But,  lo !  he  is  nearing  his  heart's  desire — 

He  is  snuffing  the  smoke  of  the  roaring  fray, 

With  Sheridan  only  five  miles  away. 

6.  The  first  that  the  General  saw  were  the  groups 
Of  stragglers,  and  then  the  retreating  troops ; — 
What  was  done — what  to  do — a  glance  told  him  both, 
Then  striking  his  spurs  with  a  terrible  oath, 

He  dashed  down  the  line  'mid  a  storm  of  huzzahs, 

And  the  wave  of  retreat  checked  its  course  there  because 

The  sight  of  the  master  compelled  it  to  pause. 

With  foam  and  with  dust  the  black  charger  wa§  gray; 

By  the  flash  of  his  eye,  and  his  red  nostril's  play, 

He  seemed  to  the  whole  great  anny  to  say, 

"  I  have  brought  you  Sheridan  all  the  way 

From  Winchester  down  to  save  the  day  /" 

7.  Hurrah,  hurrah  for  Sheridan! 
Hurrah,  hurrah  for  horse  and  man ! 

And  when  their  statues  are  placed  on  high 
Under  the  dome  of  the  Union  sky, — 
The  American  soldier's  Temple  of  Fame, — 
There,  with  the  glorious  General's  name, 
Be  it  said  in  letters  both  bold  and  bright : 
"  Here  is  the  steed  that  saved  the  day 
By  carrying  Sheridan  into  the  ftght 
From  Winchester — twenty  miles  away  /" 

T.  B.  REED. 

THE  RAVEN. 
1. 

ONCE  upon  a  midnight  dreary,  while  I  pondered,  weak  and 

weary, 
Over  many  a  quaint  and  curious  volume  of  forgotten  lore — •» 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  87 

While  I  nodded,  nearly  napping,  suddenly  there  came  a  tap- 
ping, 

As  of  some  one  gently  rapping,  rapping  at  my  chamber-door. 

" 'Tis  some  visitor,"  I  muttered,   "tapping  at  my  chamber- 
door — 

Only  this,  and  nothing  more." 

2. 

Ah,  distinctly  I  remember,  it  was  in  the  bleak  December, 
And  each  separate  dying  ember  wrought  its  ghost  upon  the 

floor, 

Eagerly  I  wished  the  morrow :  vainly  I  had  sought  to  bftrrow 
From  my  books    surcease    of    sorrow — sorrow  for  the  Iftst 

Lenore — 
For  the   rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  angels  name 

Lenore — 

Nameless  here  for&vermore. 

3. 

And  the  silken,  sad,  uncertain  rustling  of  each  purple  curtain, 
Thrilled  me — filled  me  with  fantastic  terrors  never  felt  before; 
So  that  now,  to  still  the  beating  of  my  heart,  I  stood  repeat- 
ing, 

"'Tis  some  visitor  entreating  entrance  at  my  chamber-door, — 
Some  late  visitor  entreating  entrance  at  my  chamber-door — 
That  it  is,  and  nothing  more." 

4. 

Presently  my  soul  grew  stronger :  hesitating  then  no  longer, 

"  Sir,"  said  I,  "  or  Madam,  truly  your  forgiveness  I  implore; 

But  the  fact  is,  I  was  napping,  and  so  gently  you  came  rap- 
Ping, 

And  so  faintly  you  came  tapping,  tapping  at  my  chamber- 
door, 

That  I  scarce  was  sure  I  heard  you" — here  I  opened  wide  the 
door, — 

Darkness  there,  and  nothing  more. 


88  SELECTIONS  FOB  PRACTICE. 


5. 

Deep  into  that  darkness  peering,  15ng  I  stood  there  wonder- 
ing, fearing, 

Doubting,  dreaming  dreams  no  mortals  ever  dared  to  dream 
before ; 

But  the  silence  was  unbroken,  and  the  stillness  gave  no  token, 

And  the  only  word  there  spoken  was  the  whispered  word 
"Lenore!" 

This  /  whisper'd,  and  an  echo  murmured  back  the  word, 
"LENORE!" 

Merely  this,  and  nothing  more. 

6. 

Back  into  the  chamber  turning,  all  my  soul  within  me  burn- 
ing, 

Soon  again  I  heard  a  tapping,  someting  louder  than  before. 

**  Surely,"  said  I,  "  surely  that  is  something  at  my  window- 
lattice  ; 

Let  me  see  then  what  thereat  is,  and  this  mystery  explore, — 

Let  my  heart  be  still  a  moment,  and  this  mystery  explore ; — 
'Tis  the  wind,  and  nothing  more." 

7. 

Open  here  I  flung  the  shutter,  when,  with  many  a  flirt  and 
flutter, 

In  there  stepped  a  stately  raven  of  the  stately  days  of  yore. 

Not  the  least  obeisance  made  he ;  not  a  minute  stopp'd  or 
stay'd  he ; 

But,  with  mien  of  lord  or  lady,  perch'd  above  my  chamber- 
door, — 

Perch'd  upon  a  bust  of  Pallas,  just  above  my  chamber-door— 
Perch'd,  and  sat,  and  nothing  more. 

8. 

Then  this  ebony  bird  beguiling  my  sad  fancy  into  smiling, 
By  the  grave  and  stern  decorum  of  the  countenance  it  wore, 


SELECTIONS   FOE   PRACTICE.  89 

"Though  thy  crest  be  shorn  and  shaven,  thou,"  I  said,  "  art 

sure  no  craven ; 
Ghastly,  grim,  and  ancient  raven,  wandering  from  the  nightly 

sh5re, 
Tell  me  what  thy  lordly  name  is  on  the  Night's  Plutonian 

shore  ?" 

Quoth  the  raven,  "Nevermore!" 

9. 

Much  I  marveled  this  ungainly   fowl  to  hear    discourse  so 
plainly, 

Though  its  answer  little  meaning — little  relevancy  bore ; 

For  we  can  not  help  agreeing  that  no  living  human  being 

Ever  ySt  was  blessed  with  seeing  bird  above  his  chamber- 
door — 

Bird  or  beast  upon  the  sculptured  bust  above  his  chamber- 
door, 

With  such  name  as  "  Nevermore  1" 

10. 

But  the  raven  sitting  lonely  on  the  placid  bust,  spoke  only 

That  one  word,  as  if  his  soul  in  that  one  word  he  did  outpour. 

Nothing  further   then   he    utter'd — not  a  feather  then  he 
flutter'd— 

Till  I  scarcely  more  than  mutter'd,  "  Other  friends  have  flown 
before — 

On  the  morrow  he  will  leave  me,  as  my  hopes  have  flown  be- 
fore." 

Then  the  bird  said,  "  Nevermore!" 

11. 

Startled  at  the  stillness,  broken  by  reply  so  aptly  spoken, 

"Doubtless,"  said  I,  "what  it  utters  is  its  only  stock  and 
store, 

Caught  from  some  unhappy  master,  whom  unmerciful  disas- 
ter 

Follow'd  fast  and  follow'd  faster,  till  his  songs  one  burden 
bore,—  ) 

Till  the  dirges  of  his  hope  that  melancholy  burden  bore, 
Of—"  Never— nevermore !" 


90  SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE. 

* 

12. 

But  the  raven  still  beguiling  all  my  sad  soul  into  smiling, 
Straight  I  wheeled  a  cushioned  seat  in  front  of  bird,  and  bust, 

and  door, 

Then,  upon  the  velvet  sinking,  I  betook  myself  to  linking 
Fancy  unto  fancy,  thinking  what  this  ominous  bird  of  yore — 
What  this  grim,  ungainly,  ghastly,  gaunt,  and  ominous  bird 

of  yore 

Meant  in  croaking  "  Nevermore!'' 

13. 

This  I  sat  engaged  in  guessing,  but  no  syllable  expressing 
To  the  fowl,  whose  fiery  eyes  now  burned  into  my  bosom's 

core; 

This  and  more  I  sat  divining,  with  my  head  at  ease  reclining 
On  the  cushion's  velvet  lining  that  the  lamp-light  gloated 

o'er, 
But  whose  velvet  violet  lining,  with  the  lamp-light  gloating 

o'er, 

She  shall  press— ah !  nevermore ! 

14. 

Then  methought  the  air  grew  denser,  perfumed  from  an  un- 
seen censer 

Swung  by  seraphim,  whose  foot-falls  tinkled  on  the  tufted 
floor. 

"  Wretch,"  I  cried,  "thy  God  hath  lent  thee— by  these  angels 
he  hath  sent  thee 

Respite — respite  and  nepenthe  from  thy  memories  of  Lenore ! 

Quaff,  oh,   quaff  this  kind  nepenthe,   and  forgSt  this  ISst 
Lenore!" 

Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore!" 

15. 

"Prophet!"  said  I,   "thing  of  evil !— prophet  still,  if  bird  or 

devil! 
Whether  tempter  sent,  or  whether  tempest  toss'd  thee  here 

ashore, 


SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE.  91 

Desolate,  y&t  all  undaunted,  on  this  desert  land  enchanted — 
On  this  homp  by  Horror  haunted — tell  me  truly,  I  implore — 
Is  there— is  there  balm  in  Gilead?— tell  me— tell  me,  I  im- 
plore!" 

Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore!" 

16. 

"Prophet!  "  said  I,  "thing  of  evil !— prophet  still,  if  bird  or 

devil! 
By  that  heaven  that  bends  above  us — by  that   G5d  we  both 

adore, 
Tell  this  soul,    with   sorrow  laden,   if,    within  the    distant 

Aidenn, 

It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden,  whom  the  angels  name  Lenore ; 
Clasp  a  rare  and  radient  maiden,  whom  the  angels  name 

Lenore — 

Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore!" 

17. 

"Be  that  word  our  sign  of  parting,  bird  or  fiend !'J  I  shrieked, 

upstarting — 
"  Get  thee  back  into  the  tempest  and  the  Night's  Plutonian 

shore ! 

Leave  no  black  plume  as  a  token  of  that  lie  thy  soul  hath 
^      spoken ! 
Leave  my  loneliness   unbroken! — quit  the  bust  above  my 

door! 
Take  thy  beak  from  out  my  heart,  and  take  thy  form  from 

5ff  my  door!" 

Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore  1" 

18. 

And  the  raven,  never  flitting,  still  is  sitting,  still  is  sitting 

On  the  pallid  bust  of  Pallas,  just  above  my  chamber-door; 

And  his  eyes  have  all  the  seeming  of  a  demon's  that  is  dream- 
ing, 

And  the  lamp-light  o'er  him  streaming  throws  his  shadow  on 
the  floor; 


y2  SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE. 

And  my  soul  from  put  that  shadow  that  lies  floating  on  the 
floor 

Shall  be  lifted — NEVERMORE  ! 

EDGAR  A.  POE. 

THE   BELLS. 

HEAR  the  sledges  with  the  bells — 

Silver  bells— 

What  a  world  or  mgiriment  their  melody  foretells ! 
How  they  tinkle,  tinkle,  tinkle, 

In  the  icy  air  of  night !       * 
While  the  stars  that  oversprinkle 
All  the  heavens,  seem  to  twinkle 

With  a  crystalline  delight ; 
Keeping  time,  time,  time, 
In  a  sort  of  Runic  rhyme, 

To  the  tintinnabulation  that  so  musically  wells 
From  the  bells,  bells,  bells,  bells, 

Bells,  bells,  bells— 
From  the  jingling  and  the  tinkling  of  the  bells. 

2. 

Hear  the  mellow  wedding-bells, 

Golden  bells ! 

What  a  world  of  happiness  their  harmony  foretells ! 
Through  the  balmy  air  of  night 
How  they  ring  out  their  delight ! 
From  the  molten-golden  notes, 

And  all  in  tune, 
What  a  liquid  ditty  floats 
To  the  turtle-dove  that  listens,  while  she  gloats 

On  the  moon ! 

Oh,  from  out  the  sounding  cells, 
What  a  gush  of  euphony  voluminously  wells! 
How  it  swells ! 
How  it  dwells 
On  the  Future !  how  it  tells 
Of  the  rapture  that  impels 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  93 

To  the  swinging  and  the  ringing 

Of  the  bells,  bells,  bells— 
Of  the  bells,  bells,  bells,  bells, 

Bells,  bells,  bells — 
To  the  rhyming  and  the  chiming  of  the  bells ! 

3 

Hear  the  loud  alarum  bells — 

Brazen  bells ! 

What  a  tale  of  terror,  now,  their  turbulency  tells ! 
In  the  startled  ear  of  night 
How  they  scream  out  their  affright ! 
Too  much  horrified  to  speak, 
They  can  only  shriek,  shriek, 

Out  of  tune, 

In  a  clamorous  appealing  to  the  mercy  of  the  fire, 
In  a  mad  expostulation  with  the  deaf  and  frantic  fire 
Leaping  higher,  higher,  higher, 
With  a  desperate  desire 
And  a  resolute  endeavor, 
Now — now  to  sit  or  never, 
By  the  side  of  the  pale-faced  moon. 
Oh,  the  bells,  bells,  bells! 
What  a  tale  their  terror  tells 

Of  despair! 

How  they  clang,  and  clash,  and  roarl 
What  a  horror  they  outpour 
On  the  bosom  of  the  palpitating  air! 
Y8t  the  air,  it  fully  knows, 
By  the  twanging 
And  the  clanging, 
How  the  danger  ebbs  and  flows; 
Yet  the  ear  distinctly  tells 
In  the  jangling 
And  the  wrangling, 
How  the  danger  sinks  and  swells, 

By  the  sinking  or  the  swelling  in  the  anger  of  the  bells — 
Of  the  bells— 


94  SELECTIONS  FOB  PRACTICE. 

Of  the  bells,  bells,  bells,  bells, 

Bells,  bells,  bells— 
In  the  clamor  and  the  clangor  of  the  bells ! 

4. 
Hear  the  tdlling  of  the  bells — 

Iron  bells! 

What  a  world  of  solemn  thought  their  monody  compels  I 
In  the  silence  of  the  night, 
How  we  shiver  with  affright 
At  the  melancholy  menace  of  their  tone! 
For  every  sound  that  floats 
From  the  rust  within  their  throats 

Is  a  groan. 

And  the  people — ah,  the  people — 
They  that  dwell  up  in  the  steeple,  * 

All  alone, 
And  who  tolling,  tolling,  tolling, 

In  that  muffled  monotone, 
Feel  a  glory  in  so  rolling 

On  the  human  heart  a  stone — 
They  are  neither  man  nor  woman — 
They  are  neither  brute  nor  human — 

They  are  Ghouls : 
And  their  king  it  is  who  tolls ; 
And  he  rolls,  rolls,  rolls,  rolls, 

A  paean  from  the  bells ! 
And  his  m8rry  bosom  swells 

With  the  paean  of  the  bells ! 
And  he  dances  and  he  yells  ; 
Keeping  time,  time,  time, 
In  a  port  of  Runic  rhyme, 
To  the  paean  of  the  bells— 

Of  the  bells: 

Keeping  time,  time,  time, 
In  a  sort  of  Runic  rhyme, 

To  the  throbbing  of  the  bells — 
Of  the  bells,  bells,  bells, 

To  the  sobbing  of  the  bells ; 


SELECTIONS   FOR   PRACTICE.  05 

Keeping  time,  time,  time, 

As  he  knells,  knells,  knells, 
In  a  happy  Runic  rhyme, 

To  the  rolling  of  the  bells— 
Of  the  bells,  bells,  bells— 

To  the  tolling  of  the  bells, 
Of  the  bells,  bells,  bells,  bells, 

Bells,  bells,  bells— 
To  the  moaning  and  the  groaning  of  the  bells. 

EDGAR  A.  FOB. 

The  preceding  pieces — "  Sheridan's  Ride,"  "  The 
Raven,"  and  "  The  Bells,"  are  the  three  most  popular  in 
our  language,  either  for  private  exercise  or  public  decla- 
mation. Indeed,  any  one  who  can  speak  them  well  will 
have  little  difficulty  with  ordinary  compositions. 

CHRISTMAS. 

RING  out,  wild  bells,  to  the  wild  sky, 

The  flying  cloud,  the  frosty  light, 

The  year  is  dying  with  the  night ; 
Ring  out,  wild  bells,  and  let  him  die. 

Ring  out  the  old,  ring  in  the  new, 
Ring  happy  bells  across  the  snow; 
The  year  is  going,  let  it  go ; 

Ring  out  the  false,  ring  in  the  true. 

Ring  out  the  grief  that  saps  the  mind, 
For  those  that  here  we  see  no  more ; 
Ring  out  the  feud  of  rich  and  poor, 

Ring  in  redress  for  all  mankind. 

Ring  out  a  slowly,  dying  cause, 
And  ancient  forms  of  petty  strife ; 
Ring  in  the  nobler  modes  of  life, 

With  sweeter  manners,  purer  laws. 


96  SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE. 

Ring  out  the  want,  the  woe,  the  sin, 
The  faithless  coldness  of  the  times ; 
Ring  out,  ring  out  my  mournful  rhymes, 

But  ring  the  fuller  minstrel  in. 

Ring  out  false  pride  in  place  and  blood, 

The  civic  slander  and  the  spite ; 

Ring  in  the  love  of  truth  and  right, 
Ring  in  the  common  love  of  good. 

Ring  out  old  shapes  of  foul  disease, 
Ring  out  the  narrowing  lust  of  gold ; 
Ring  out  the  thousand  woes  of  old, 

Ring  in  the  thousand  years  of  peace. 

Ring  in  the  valiant  man  and  free, 

The  larger  heart,  the  kindlier  hand ;  <> 
Ring  out  the  darkness  of  the  land, 

Ring  in  the  CHRIST  that  is  to  be. 

TENNYSON. 

THE  TOMAHAWK  SUBMISSIVE  TO  ELOQUENCE. 

1.  TWENTY  tomahawks  were  raised;  twenty  arrows  drawn 
to  their  head.     Yet  stood  Harold  stern  and  collected,  at 
bay — parleying  only  with  his  sword.     He  waved  his  arm. 
Smitten  with  a  sense  of  their  cowardice,  perhaps,  or  by 
his  great  dignity,  more  awful  for  his  very  youth,  their 
weapons  dropped,  and  their  countenances  were  uplifted 
upon  him,  less  in  hatred  than  in  wonder. 

2.  The  old  men  gathered  about  him :  he  leaned  upon 
his  saber.     Their  eyes  shone  with  admiration :  such  heroic 
deportment,  in  one  so  young — a  boy!   so  intrepid!  so 
prompt !  so  graceful !  so  eloquent,  too ! — for,  knowing  the 
effect  of  eloquence,  and  feeling  the  loftiness  of  his  own 
nature,  the  innocence  of  his  own  heart,  the  character  of 
the  Indians  for  hospitality,  and  their  veneration  for  his 


SELECTIONS  FOR  PRACTICE.  97 

blood,  Harold  dealt  out  the  thunder  of  his  strength  to 
these  rude  barbarians  of  the  wilderness,  till  they,  young 
and  old,  gathering  nearer  and  nearer  in  their  devotion, 
threw  down  their  weapons  at  his  feet,  and  formed  a  ram- 
part of  locked  arms  and  hearts  about  him,  through  which 
his  eloquence  thrilled  and  lightened  like  electricity.  The 
old  greeted  him  with  a  lofty  step,  as  the  patriarch  wel- 
comes his  boy  from  the  triumph  of  far-off  battle ;  and 
the  young  clave  to  him  and  clung  to  him,  and  shouted 
in  their  self-abandonment,  like  brothers  round  a  conquer- 
ing brother. 

3.  "  Warriors !"  he  said,  "  Brethren  !" — (their  toma- 
hawks were  brandished  simultaneously,  at  the  sound  of 
his  terrible  voice,  as  if  preparing  for  the  onset).  His 
tones  grew  deeper,  and  less  threatening.  "  Brothers !  let 
us  talk  together  of  Logan !  Ye  who  have  known  him, 
ye  aged  men!  bear  ye  testimony  to  the  deeds  of  his 
strength.  Who  was  like  him  ?  Who  could  resist  him  ? 
Who  may  abide  the  hurricane  in  its  volley  I  Who  may 
withstand  the  winds  that  uproot  the  great  trees  of  the 
mountain  ?  Let  him  be  the  foe  of  Logan.  Thrice  in  one 
day  hath  he  given  battle.  Thrice  in  one  day  hath  he 
come  back  victorious.  Who  may  bear  up  against  the 
strong  man — :the  man  of  war  ?  Let  them  that  are  young, 
hear  me.  Let  them  follow  the  course  of  Logan.  He  goes 

O  O 

in  clouds  and  whirlwind — in  the  fire  and  in  the  smoke. 
Let  them  follow  him.  Warriors  !  Logan  was  the  father 
of  Harold !"  They  fell  back  in  astonishment,  but  they 
believed  him ;  for  Harold's  word  was  unquestioned,  un- 
doubted evidence,  to  them  that  knew  him.  NEAL. 


CHAPTEE  VIII. 

RULES    OF    ORDER. 

ALL  persons  who  participate  in  public  meetings  or  de- 
bating societies,  should  make  themselves  acquainted  with 
the  established  methods  for  conducting  them.  Without  a 
strict  adherence  to  certain  recognized  rules,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  avoid  confusion  and  unprofitable  woi*dy  contro- 
versy. Kef  erring  the  reader  who  desires  to  to  be  familiar 
with  parliamentary  usages  in  all  their  applications  to 
"  Cushing's  Manual,"  "  The  American  Debater,"  "  The 
Normal  Debater,"  and  similar  works,  the  chapter  on  thia 
subject  will  be  limited  to  the  necessary  rules  for  manag- 
ing ordinary  Lyceums  and  debating  clubs;  and  as  the 
Lyceum  department  of  the  Hygeio-Therapeutic  College 
has  been  in  existence  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and 
has  simplified  its  organization  to  a  good,  if  not  the  best, 
working  condition,  its  constitution  and  by-laws  will  be 
presented  as  a  chart  or  guide  for  others.  This  Lyceum 
has  also  an  uncommon,  if  not  peculiar,  feature,  which  I 
would  strongly  commend  to  all  Lyceums  whose  members 
are  not  accomplished  speakers.  It  devotes  one  whole 
evening  to  the  discussion  of  a  question  agreed  on,  and 
another  evening  to  criticisms,  readings,  essays,  and  decla- 
mations, and  so  alternately.  But,  whether  this  last-named 
feature  is  adopted  or  not;  its  constitution  and  by-laws  are 
equally  applicable. 
(98) 


MEETINGS.  99 


CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE    1. NAME. 

This  Association  shall  be  entitled,  The  Hygeio-Thera- 
peutic  College  Lyceum. 

ARTICLE  2. OBJECTS. 

The  objects  of  this  Lyceum  are,  the  mutual  improve- 
ment of  its  members,  and  the  investigation,  in  the  spirit 
of  candor  and  truth-seeking,  of  all  problems  that  concern 
the  welfare  of  human  beings. 

ARTICLE  3. MEMBERSHIP. 

Any  person  may  become  a  member  of  this  Lyceum,  on 
receiving  the  affirmative  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  mem- 
bers present  at  any  regular  meeting,  and  signing  this  Con- 
stitution. 

ARTICLE  4. EXPULSION. 

Any  member  of  this  Lyceum  may  be  expelled  for 
grossly  improper  conduct,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  present  at  any  regular  meeting. 

ARTICLE  5. OFFICERS. 

The  officers  of  this  Lyceum  shall  consist  of  a  President, 
Secretary,  and  Treasurer,  who  shall  exercise  their  respect- 
ive duties  for  one  week,  and  until  others  are  chosen  to 
succeed  them.* 

ARTICLE  6. AMENDMENTS. 

This  Constitution  may  be  amended  at  any  time  by  a 
vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present  at  any  regular 

*  A  Corresponding  Secretary  should  be  elected  when  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Society  require  letter  writing  and  the  circulation  of  docu- 
ments. 


100  MEETINGS. 

meeting,  provided  that  notice  has  been  given   of  the 
proposed  amendment  at  a  preceding  regular  meeting. 


BY-LAWS. 

1.     MEETINGS. 

The  Lyceum  shall  meet  in  the  Lecture  Hall  of  the 
Hygeio-Therapeutic  College,  on  Monday  and  Wedsesday 
evenings,  at  seven  o'clock,  and  adjourn  at  nine  o'clock. 

2.  QUORUM. 

Five  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  trans- 
action of  business.  Any  number  of  members  less  than  a 
quorum  may  adjourn  to  the  time  of  the  next  regular 
meeting. 

3.    ORDER  OF  BUSINESS. 

The  order  of  business  on  Monday  evenings  shall  be  : 
a.  Reading,  correction,  and  adoption  of  the  minutes. 
J.  Reception  of  new  members. 

c.  Discussion  of  the  question. 

d.  Adjournment. 

On  Wednesday  evenings  the  order  of  business  shall  be : 
a.  Reception  of  new  members. 
5.  Report  of  the  critic. 

c.  Criticisms  of  the  critic. 

d.  Readings,  essays,  and  declamations. 

e.  Selection  of  question  for  debate. 

f.  Appointments. 

g.  Unfinished  business. 
h.  New  business. 

i.  Adjournment. 


MEETINGS.  101 

4.    DUTIES   OF   OFFICERS. 

The  President  shall  occupy  the  chair,  maintain  the 
order  of  proceedings,  decide  all  questions  of  parliamentary 
usage  subject  to  appeal  to  the  house,  appoint  all  com- 
mittees, critics,  and  leading  disputants  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for,  give  the  casting  vote  in  cases  of  a  tie,  and  have 
charge  of  the  books  and  papers  of  the  Lyceum.  The 
Secretary  shall  record  its  proceedings  at  each  meeting, 
and  report  the  same  to  the  meetings  on  Monday  evenings. 
The  Treasurer  shall  have  charge  of  the  moneys  and  prop- 
erties of  the  Lyceum. 

5.  APPOINTEES. 

On  each  Wednesday  evening  a  critic,  reader,  essayist, 
and  declaimer  shall  be  appointed  for  the  ensuing  Wednes- 
day evening,  and  two  leading  disputants  for  the  discus- 
sion on  the  ensuing  Monday  evening.* 

6.    SELECTION  OF  QUESTION. 

The  subject  for  debate  shall  be  selected  by  a  majority 
vote.  Any  member  may  propose,  orally  or  in  writing,  a 
question  or  resolution  for  discussion. 

T.    CRITICISMS. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  critic  to  notice  all  errors  in 
manner,  gesture,  pronunciation,  and  grammar,  of  the 
preceding  meetings,  and  report  the  same.  After  the  re- 
port of  the  critic  is  made,  it  shall  be  the  privilege  of  any 
member  to  criticise  the  criticisms  of  the  critic. 

*  When  a  Lyceum  (as  in  this  case)  is  composed  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men, it  is  proper,  when  practicable,  to  appoint  a  lady  to  open  the  debate 
on  one  side,  and  a  gentleman  on  the  other. 

Committees  of  more  than  one  should  be  composed  of  both  sexes. 


102  MEETINGS. 

8.    LIMITATION  OF  SPEAKERS. 

The  leading  disputants  shall  each  be  entitled  to  ten 
minutes  to  open,  and  five  minutes  to  close  the  debate. 
All  other  speakers  shall  be  limited  to  five  minutes.  The 
Lyceum  may,  at  any  time,  by  majority  vote,  extend  the 
time  of  any  speaker,  but  not  exceeding  five  minutes. 

9.  ORDER  OF  DEBATE. 

The  affirmative'  and  negative  shall  be  represented  al- 
ternately from  the  commencement  to  the  close  of  the 
discussion.  After  the  leading  disputants  have  opened  the 
debate,  the  members  shall  proceed  with  the  discussion 
pro  and  con,  in  the  order  of  their  names  on  the  book  of 
the  Secretary,  unless  one  declines  speaking,  when  the  next 
in  order  shall  be  called.  If  no  one  offers  to  controvert 
the  last  speaker,  another  speech  on  the  same  side  is  in 
order.  When  all  the  members  who  desire  to  speak  have 
been  called,  voluntary  speakers,  pro  and  con,  may  be 
called  for  ;  and  if  more  than  one  rises  to  speak,  the  Presi- 
dent shall  decide,  without  appeal  or  debate,  who  is  en- 
titled to  the  floor.  ISTo  one  shall  be  permitted  to  speak 
twice  until  all  have  spoken  who  desire  to  do  so,  unless  by 
unanimous  consent. 

POINTS  OF  ORDER. 

All  points  of  order,  on  being  distinctly  stated,  shall  be 
decided  without  debate.  If  the  decision  of  the  President 
is  appealed  from,  the  motion,  "  Shall  the  decision  of  the 
Chair  be  sustained  ?"  shall  be  put  and  decided  by  a 
majority  vote. 

11.    MANNER   OF   VOTING. 

Voting  may  be  done  by  ayes  and  noes,  or  by  raising 
the  hand,  as  the  Chair  shall  determine.  When  the  vote 


MEETINGS.  103 

is  doubtful  or  disputed,  any  member  may  call  for  a  divi- 
sion of  the  house,  when  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  rising 
or  the  uplifted  hand,  the  President  directing  the  Secretary 
to  count  the  ayes  and  noes. 

12.  SUSPENSIONS. 

Any  by-law  may  be  suspended  for  the  evening  by  a 
vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present ;  or  it  may  be 
suspended  indefinitely  by  unanimous  consent. 

13.  AMENDMENTS. 

These  by-laws  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  meeting 
of  the  Lyceum  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members 
present ;  or  by  a  majority  vote  after  one  week's  notice 
has  been  given. 

PARLIAMENTARY   USAGES. 

1.  Motions. — No   motion   can    be   entertained  until 
seconded.     When  a  motion  is  made  and  seconded,  the 
President  should  rise,  state  the  question  fully  and  clearly, 
and  ask  if  the  house  is  ready  for  the  question.     If  no  one 
offers  to  speak,  the  motion  should  be  put  to  vote,  the  re- 
sult announced,  and  the  Secretary  directed  to  record  it. 

2.  Motions  to  Reconsider. — A  motion   to  reconsider 
cannot  be  entertained  unless  made  and  seconded  by  per- 
sons who  voted  with  the  majority,  except  in  the  case  of 
an  equal  division,  when  it  must  be  made  by  one  who 
voted  in  the  negative.     No  motion  to  reconsider  is  in 
order  after  the  proposition  or  action  has  passed  out  of  the 
possession  of  the  house,  or  recorded  and  approved  in  the 
minutes. 

3.  Motions    to    Expunge. — Motions    to    expunge    or 
rescind  any   resolution  or  vote   of    the  house,   require 
unanimous  consent. 


104  MEETINGS. 

4.  Motions    not    Debatable. — The  previous   or  main 
question,  points  of  order,  motions  to  reconsider,  to  ad- 
journ, and  to  lie  on  the  table,  are  not  debatable  ;  nor  are 
appeals  from,  the  decision  of  the  Chair.     But  when  two 
f :  more  members  make  an  appeal,  the  President   may 
give  his  reasons  for  the  decision,  and  the  question  may 
then  be  debated.     In  case  of  a  tie  vote,  the  President 
may  give  the  casting  vote  in  favor  of  his  decision. 

5.  The  Previous    Question. — The   previous  question 
shall  not  be  entertained  unless  the  motion  is  seconded  by 
three  members.     If  the  question  is  decided  affirmatively, 
and  amendments  are  pending,  the  vote  should  be  taken 
first  on  the  amendments  in  order,  and  then  on  the  main 
question.     All  incidental  questions  arising  after  the  pre- 
vious question  has  been  moved,  must  be  decided  without 
debate.     When  the  previous  question  has  been  moved 
and  seconded,  it  cannot  be  withdrawn  without  the  consent 
of  a  majority ;  nor  can  it  be  suspended  by  any  motion 
except  that  to  adjourn. 

6.  Amendments. — An  amendment  to  a  pending  motion 
is  always  in  order ;  and  so  is  an  amendment  to  an  amend- 
ment ;  but  an  amendment  to  an  amendment  cannot  be 
amended.     After  the  discussion  the  vote  is  to  be  taken 
first  on  the  amendment  to  the  amendment,  then  on  the 
amendment,  and  lastly  on  the  main  question. 

7.  Privileged    Questions. — Privileged    questions    are 
those  which  take  precedence  of  the  business  regularly 
before  the  house.     They  are  : 

(a.)  To  adjourn. 

(5.)  For  the  previous  question. 

((?.)  For  postponement. 

(d.)  For  commitment. 

(e.)  For  amendment. 


MEETINGS.  105 

(/.)  To  lie  on  the  table. 

A  motion  for  postponement  precludes  commitment, 
and  a  motion  for  commitment  precludes  amendment. 

8.  Personalities. — The   President  may   speak  in  his 
place  to  matters  of  order,  or  state  facts  which  the  mem- 
bers have  occasion  for.     When  he  rises  to   speak  the 
member   occupying  the  floor   should  resume  his   seat. 
When  a  member  is  speaking,  no  conversation  nor  whis- 
pering should  be  indulged  in,  nor  should  any  one  pass 
between    the   speaker  and  the  presiding  officer.     The 
decision  of  the  President  should  always  be  submitted  to 
quietly  unless  appealed  from.     A  member  decided  to  be 
out  of   order  loses  his  right  to  the  floor,  without  the 
unanimous   consent  of  the   house.     No  member  when 
speaking  should  be  interrupted,  except  by  a  call  to  order, 
or  a  proffer  to  explain.     Members  in  debate  should  not 
refer  to  the  other  by  name,  but  as  the  member  who  pre- 
ceded me,  last  up,  on  the  right,  on  the  left,  who  opened 
the  debate,  etc.     No  member  can  be  allowed  to  read  an 
argument,  or  a  paper  pertaining  to  the  discussion  without 
unanimous  consent.     No  member  can  address  the  house 
while  sitting  without  unanimous  consent.     Any  member 
rising  to  speak  should  address  the  President,  and  not  pro- 
ceed to  speak  until  the  President  recognizes  his  right  to 
the  floor  by  announcing  his  name.     When  two  or  more 
members  arise  to  speak  at  the  same  time,  the  President 
shall  decide  who  is  entitled  to  the  floor  by  announcing 
his  name,  or  designating  him  in  some  other  manner.  The 
motives  of  members  are  never  to  be  questioned. 

9.  Appeals. — Any  member  may    appeal    from    any 
decision  of  the  Chair ;  but  the  member  appealing  must 
reduce  his  appeal  to  writing,  and  hand  it  to  the  Secretary. 
The  President  shall  then  state  the  question,  and  call  for 


106  MEETINGS. 

a  vote  on  the  question,  "Shall  the  decision  of  the  Chair 
be  sustained  ? " 

10.  Explcmations. — No  explanation  can  be  made  while 
a  member  is  speaking  without  the  consent  of  the  speaker ; 
but  if  the  speaker  yields  the  floor  for  an  explanation,  he 
cannot    resume   it   again   without    unanimous    consent. 
Members  who  obtain  leave  to  explain  must  confine  their 
remarks  to  the  matters  to  be  explained. 

Committees. — In  legislative  bodies,  committees  are  of 
two  kinds,  select  or  special,  and  standing  or  permanent. 
In  Lyceums  all  committees  are  of  the  former  kind.  Their 
duties  are  to  consider  any  subject  or  proposition  referred 
to  them,  and  report  the  same  to  the  next  meeting,  or  at 
any  time  designated.  They  may  report  in  full  or  ask  to 
be  discharged,  or  report  progress  and  ask  leave  to  be  con- 
tinued. Their  report  may  be  considered  and  disposed  of 
as  a  whole,  or  in  sections  or  parts,  when  the  subject  is 
susceptible  of  such  division.  In  the  latter  case  each  sec- 
tion may  be  approved,  rejected,  or  amended,  and  then  the 
final  vote  taken,  whether  it  shall  be  adopted  or  rejected 
as  a  whole.  The  first  person  named  on  a  committee  of 
several  usually  acts  as  chairman. 

11.  Postponements. — These  may  be  for  the  time,  or 
indefinitely.     When  different  times  are  mentioned  the 
question  should  be  taken  on  the  most  distant  time  first. 
The  motion  to  postpone  indefinitely  cannot  be  amended, 
nor  superseded  by  any   other   motion;   but   if  decided 
negatively,   a  motion   to  amend  or  commit  will  be  in 
order. 

12.  Adjournment. — A  motion  to  adjourn  is  not  in  order 
when  a  member  is  speaking,  nor  when  a  vote  is  being 
taken  on.  any  question.     When  a  motion  to  adjourn  has 
been  negatived,  it  cannot  be  renewed  until  some  other 


MEETINGS.  107 

proposition  has  been  presented,  or  business  of  some  kind 
transacted.  A  motion  to  adjourn  cannot  be  amended  by 
adding  to  it  a  definite  time  or  place ;  this  must  be  pre- 
viously decided  on  its  own  merits.  A  motion  to  adjourn 
to  a  particular  time  and  place  is  debatable  so  far  as  the 
time  and  place  are  concerned.  When  desiring  to  sus- 
pend business 'temporarily,  an  adjournment  for  the  time 
is  in  order,  after  which  the  business  may  be  resumed  on 
a  simple  motion  to  do  so.  When  an  adjournment  has 
been  voted  during  the  consideration  of  any  question,  that 
question  will  be  first  put  in  order  among  the  unfinished 
business,  but  not  the  first  business  in  order  at  the  next 
meeting. 


CHAPTEK  IX. 

DEBATABLE    SUBJECTS. 

The  following  questions  are  submitted  for  emergencies 
— when  for  want  of  time  or  for  some  other  reason,  the 
Lyceum  is  unable  to  agree  on  any  question  presented  by 
the  members. 

Can  a  law  of  nature  be  suspended  ? 

Ought  the  elective  franchise  to  be  extended  to  woman  ? 

Are  the  sexes  equal  in  mentality  ? 

Is  the  female  organization  naturally  more  frail  than  that 
of  the  male  ? 

Should  public  libraries  be  opened  on  Sunday  ? 

Are  schools  or  churches  the  greater  benefit  to  society  ? 

Is  there  more  pleasure  in  pursuit  than  in  possession  ? 

Should  immigration  to  this  country  be  restricted  ? 

Should  eight  hours  be  recognized  as  a  legal  day's  work  ? 

Resolved^  that  the  veto  power  of  the  President  be 
repealed. 

Resolved,  that  all  punishment  should  be  limited  to  the 
reformation  of  the  criminal. 

Resolved^  that  capital  punishment  should  be  abolished. 

Resolved,  that  all  laws  relating  to  interest  on  money 
should  be  repealed. 
(108) 


DEBATABLE  SUBJECTS.  109 

Resolved,  that  interest  on  money  should  be  limited  to 
the  profits  of  productive  industry. 

Resolved,  that  all  laws  for  the  collection  of  debts 
should  be  repealed. 

Resolved^  that  the  rate  of  taxation  should  have  refer- 
ence to  the  property  of  the  person  taxed. 

Resolved,  that  we  suffer  more  .from  imaginary  than 
from  real  evils. 

Has  the  human  race  descended  from  a  single  pair  ? 

Resolved,  that  conscience  is  an  infallible  rule  for  action. 

Is  the  medical  profession  more  useful  than  injurious  ? 

Should  national  holidays  be  abolished  ? 

Should  the  sexes  be  educated  in  the  same  schools  ? 

Does  geology  harmonize  with  the  Bible  ? 

Should  education  be  compulsory  \ 

Is  woman  physiologically  the  "  weaker  vessel  ? " 

Does  civilization  progress  more  rapidly  than  the 
churches  ? 

Is  the  theory  of  Darwin,  as  to  the  "  descent  of  man," 
sustained  by  scientific  data  ? 

Is  the  doctrine  of  "  Evolution  "  taught  in  the  Bible  ? 

Should  white  and  colored  children  attend  the  same 
school  ? 

Should  society  permit  the  existence  of  dram-shops  3 

Are  alcoholic  drinks  a  greater  evil  than  tobacco  \ 

Is  the  dietetic  character  of  man  f rugivorous  ? 

Is  common  salt  useful  as  a  condiment  ? 

Should  the  property  of  churches  be  taxed  ? 

Do  labor-saving  inventions  benefit  the  laboring  classes  rt 

Are  trades-unions  justifiable  ? 

Do  great  crises  produce  great  men  ? 

Ought  old  bachelors  to  be  subject  to  civil  disabilities  ? 

Should  monopolies  in  trade  be  allowed  ? 


110  DEBATABLE  SUBJECTS. 

Ought  ministers  of  the  Gospel  to  engage  in  party 
politics  ? 

Ought  there  to  be  a  law  of  international  copyright  ? 

Is  universal  suffrage  expedient  ? 

Can  the  immortality  of  the  soul  be  proved  from  the 
light  of  nature  ? 

Do  riches  develop  character  better  than  poverty  ? 

Is  Roman  Catholicism  compatible  with  free  institutions  ? 

Ought  imprisonment  for  debt  to  be  abolished  ? 

Is  infidelity  on  the  increase  ? 

Is  Phrenology  a  true  science  ? 

Is  the  assassination  of  tyrants  justifiable  ? 

Ought  lotteries  to  be  tolerated  ? 

Are  religious  fairs  justifiable  ? 

Are  ghosts  the  spirits  of  the  departed  ? 

Is  youth  a  more  happy  period  of  life  than  old  age  ? 

Do  preachers  exercise  a  greater  influence  on  the  char- 
acter of  the  young  than  teachers  ? 

Are  lawyers  more  beneficial  than  injurious  to  society  ? 

Are  women  more  revengeful  than  men  ? 

Ought  persons  to  marry  who  differ  radically  in  religious 
opinions  ? 

Are  "  all  men  created  equal  ? " 

Is  the  doctrine  of  original  sin  taught  in  the  Bible  ? 

Is  morality  separable  from  religion  ? 

Does  morality  improve  as  civilization  advances  ? 

Is  a  Republic  the  best  form  of  government  ? 

Is  the  character  of  a  nation  affected  by  its  climate  ? 

Ought  witnesses  to  be  held  as  prisoners  ? 

Is  a  declaration  of  war  ever  justifiable  ? 

Resolved,  that  Satan  is  the  hero  of  "  Paradise  Lost." 

Is  there  such  a  quality  as  disinterestedness. 

Ought  patent-rights  to-be  granted  ? 


DEBATABLE  SUBJECTS.  Ill 

Does  wealth  exert  more  influence  than  knowledge  ? 

Are  banks  more  beneficial  than  injurious  to  a  com- 
munity ? 

Is  there  any  real  danger  of  over-population  ? 

Are  national  celebrations  beneficial  ? 

Are  persons  accountable  for  their  opinions  ? 

Is  man  a  free  agent  ? 

Are  tea  and  coffee,  as  beverages,  injurious  ? 

Is  it  hygienic  to  drink  at  meals  ? 

Is  there  more  happiness  than  misery  in  human  life  ? 

Should  the  Bible  be  introduced  into  the  common 
schools  ? 

Is  a  falsehood  ever  justifiable  ? 

Is  the  doctrine  of  non-resistance  sound  ? 

Resolved,  that  differences  of  character  are  attributable 
more  to  physical  than  to  moral  causes. 

Is  the  slanderer  a  more  pernicious  character  than  the 
flatterer  ? 

Do  the  phenomena  of  nature  indicate  polytheism  ? 

Are  ideas  innate  ? 

Ought  emulation  in  schools  to  be  encouraged  ? 

Is  corporeal  punishment  in  schools  justifiable  ? 

Is  rotation  in  office  a  correct  principle  ? 

Is  it  ever  right  to  marry  for  money  ? 

Is  it  expedient  to  wear  mourning  apparel  ? 

Are  graveyards  expedient  ? 

Would  the  practice  of  cremation  be  beneficial  ? 

Is  the  miser  more  selfish  than  the  profligate  ? 

Ought  one  ever  to  advocate  what  he  believes  to  be  false? 

Does  proselytism  favor  the  cause  of  truth  ? 

Is  the  drunkard  accountable  for  his  conduct  while 
drunk  ? 

Do  the  Scriptures  predict  a  millenium  ? 


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BY  8.    R.    WELLS,   EDTTOR   PHRENOLOGICAL  JOURNAL. 

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JUuxtnx*inff  Physiognomy,   Anatomy,   Physiology,  Ethnology,  P/t«*«Hof- 
ogy.  and  Natural  History. 


A    coAfruEHKNSivE,  thorough,  and  practical  Work,  in  which  nil  that  is 

known  on  the  subject  treated  IP  Systematized,  Explained,  Illustrated,  and  Applied. 

Physiognomy  IP  here  shown  to  bo  no  mere  fanciful  ppecnlation,  but  a  consistent  and  well- 

considered  system  of  Character-reading,  based  on  the  established  truth?  of  Physiology 

and  Phrenology,  and  confirmed  by  Ethnology,  a*  well  as  by  the  peculiarities  of  individ- 

)    ual«.     It  is  no  abstraction,  but  something  to  be  made  useful  ;  something  to  hr  practiced 

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i    the  Study  of  Man.    It  is  readily  understood  and  as  readily  applied.    The  following  ape 

•ome  of  the  leading  topics  discussed  and  expla'ued  in  this  great  illustrated  work  : 

Previous  Systems  given,  including 
!  Vw*e  of  all  ancient  and  modern  writers. 

General  Principles  of  Physiognomy, 
I  or  the  Physiological  laws  on  which  charac- 
|  tor-reading  i*  and  must  be  based. 

Ttrm^teraments.  -The  Ancient  Doc- 
;  trinee  —  Hnurzheim's  Description  —  The 
j  New  Class!  tication  now  in  use  here 

Practical  Physiognomy.  —  General 
!  Forme  of  Facet*—  The  Byes,  the  Mouth, 
i  the  Nose,  the  Chin,  the  Jaws  and  Teeth 

the  Cheeks,  the  Forehead,  the  Hair  and 
i  Beard,  the  Complexion,  the  Neck  and 
j  Bare,  the  Hands  and  Feet,  the  Voice,  the 

Walk,  the  Laugh,  the  Mode  of  Shaking 

Hands,  Dress,  etc..  with  illustrations. 


.  —  The  Races,  including  the 
Caucasian,  the  North  American  Indians, 
the  Mongolian,  the  Malay,  and  the  African, 
with  their  numerous  subdivisions  :  also 
Nation*)  Tvoea.  each  illustrated. 


Physbmnamy  JLppfietl-To  Marriage, 
to  the  Training  of  Children,  to  Personal 
Improvement,  to  Business,  to  Insanity  and 
Idiocy,  to  Health  and  Disease,  to  Cuwwea 
and  Professions,  to  Persona!  Improvement, 
and  to  Character-Reading  generally.  Util- 
ity of  Physiognomy,  Self-Improvement. 

Animal  Types.  —  Grade?  of  Intelli- 
gence, Instinct  and  Rea-un  -  Animal 
Heads  and  Animal  Types  among  Meu. 

GrapfwH-nancy . — Character  revealed  In 
Hand-writing,  with  Specimens—  Palmistry. 
"  Line  of  LmT  in  the  human  hand 

Character- Reading.  —  More  than  a 
hundred  noted  Men  and  WomeTi  introduc- 
ed—What  Physiognomy  eay*  of  them. 

The  Great  Secret.— Row  to  be  Healthy 
and  How  to  be  Beautiful— Mental  Cosmet- 
ics— very  interesting,  very  useful. 

Aristoll*  and  St.  Patfl.-A  Modei 
Head— Views  of  Life  — Illustrative  Anec- 
dotes—Detecting a  Rogue  by  hi«  Face. 


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Now  Heady,  a  Neiv  and  Useful  Work  for  Young  People. 


On,  THE  RIGHT  RELATIONS  OP  THE  SEXES — Disclosing  the  Laws  of 
Conjugal  Selection,  and  showing  Who  May  and  Who  May  Not  Marry. 
A  Scientific  Treatise.  By  SAMUEL  R.  WELLS.  One  vol.,  12mo,  250 
pages ;  plain  muslin,  price,  $1  50 ;  in  fancy  gilt  binding,  $3.  Pub- 
lished by  the  Author,  at  787  Broadway,  New  York. 


Among  the  subjects  treated  are  the  following:  Marriage  a  Divine 
Institution;  Qualifications  for  Matrimony;  The  Right  Age  to  Marry; 
Motives  for  Marrying;  Marriages  of  Consanguinity — of  Cousins,  when 
Justifiable;  Conjugal  Selection — Affinities;  Courtship — Long  or  Short; 
Duty  of  Parents ;  Marriage  Customs  and  Ceremonies  of  all  Nations ; 
Ethics  of  Marriage  ;  Second  Marriages,  are  they  Admissible  ;  Jealousy — 
Its  Cause  and  Cure  ;  Causes  of  Separation  and  Divorce  ;  Celibacy — 
Ancient  and  Modern ;  Polygamy  and  Pantagamy ;  Love  Signs  in  the 
Features,  and  How  to  Read  Them;  Physiognomy;  Sensible  Love 
Letters — Examples ;  The  Poet's  Wife ;  The  Model  Husband  and  the 
Model  Wife — their  Mutual  Obligations,  Privileges,  and  Duties;  The 
Poetry  of  Love,  Courtship,  and  Marriage — Being  a  Practica^  Guide  to  all 
the  Relations  of  HAPPY  WEDLOCK. 

Here  are  some  of  the  contents,  compiled  from  the  Index,  which  give  a 
more  definite  idea  of  the  scope  and  objects  of  the  work : 


Development  and  Renewal  of  the  Social 
Affections ;  Inordinate  Affection  ;  Function 
of  Adhesiveness  and  Amativeness  ;  Admi- 
ration not  Love ;  Addresses  Declined, 
How  to  Do  It;  The  Bible  on  Marriage; 
Matrimonial  Bargains  ;  True  Beauty  ; 
Celibacy  and  Health ;  Celibacy  and  Crime ; 
Marrying  for  Money ;  Facts  in  Relation  to 
Consanguineous  Marriage — when  Permis- 
sible; Law  of  Conjugal  Selection;  Conju- 
gal Harmony  ;  Conjugal  Resemblances  of 
Husbands  and  Wives;  Pleasure  of  Court- 
ship ;  Confidence  in  Love ;  Duty  of  Cheer- 
fulness ;  Woman's  Constancy ;  Laws  and 
Remedy  for  Divorce ;  Drifting ;  Economy ; 
Etiquette  of  Long  Engagements ;  Falling 
in  Love ;  Forbearance ;  Whom  Great  Men 
Marry:  Girls  of  the  Period ;  Housekeep- 
ing ;  Good  Habits  Essential ;  How  to  Win 
Love;  Honeymoon;  The  Model  Husband; 
Home,  How  to  Make  it  Happy  ;  Mutual 
Help  ;  Conjugal  Harmony  ;  Hotel  and 
Clnb  Life ;  Inhabitiveness  ;  Terrible  Effects 
of  Morbid  Jealousy  ;  Juliet's  Confession  ; 
Kisses;  Kate's  Proposal;  Parental  Love, 
How  to  Win  it ;  Declarations  of  Love ;  Not 
to  be  Ashamed  of  it ;  Romantic  Love ;  Sec- 
ond Love ;  Is  Love  Unchangeable  ?  Should 
Parents  Interfere  ?  Love-Letters  ;  Love 
Song ;  Congratulatory  Letter  •  Little 
Things;  Love's  Seasons ;  Its  Philosophy; 


Early  Marriage  among  the  Ancients ;  Mo- 
tives for  it ;  international  Marriage ;  Mar- 
riage Customs ;  Marriage  Defined ;  Its  Le- 
gal Aspects;  Marriage  Ceremonies  in  the 
Episcopal,  the  Roman,  and  in  the  Greek 
Churches.  Jewish  and  Quaker ;  Marriage 
Exhortation  ;  Prayer  ;  Hymns ;  Ethics  of 
Marriage:  Health  and  Marriage;  Hasty 
Marriages;  Marriage  Maxims ;  Morganatic 
Marriages;  Marrying  for  a  Home,  for 
Money,  for  Love,  for  Beauty  ;  Right  Motive 
for  Marrying;  Advice  to  the  Married  ;  Man 
and  Woman  Contrasted  ;  Monogamy  De- 
lined  ;  Matrimonial  Fidelity  ;  Matrimonial 
Politeness;  Legal  Rights  of  Married  Worn 
en;  The  Mormon  System;  Man's  Require- 
ments ;  The  Maiden's  Choice ;  Letters  of 
Napoleon ;  When  to  Pop  the  Question ; 
Pautaeamy  at  Oneida  Defined;  Meddling 
Relatives ;  Physical  and  Mental  Sound- 
ness ;  Step-Mothers;  The  Shakers;  Single- 
ness ;  Sealing ;  Something  to  Do ;  Wedding 
in  Sweden ;  Temptations  of  the  Unmarried ; 
Hereditary  Taints;  Temperaments;  Tri- 
fling; Too  Much  to  Do  ;  May  Women  Make 
Love ;  Lesson  for  Wives  ;  Wedding  Gifts ; 
Wife  and  I ;  Yes,  How  a  Lady  Said  It ; 
Plain  Talk  with  a  Young  Man:  Soliloquy 
of  a  Yountr  Lady,  and  much  more,  covering 
the  whole  ground  of  Marriage.  A  beautiful 
Gift-Book  for  all  seasons.  -  "* 


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DATE    DUE   SLIP 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  LIBRARY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


DAY 


RETURNEl 

DEC -31873 


06  Tra 
T76  T 
1875 


e  human 


24197 








